{ "content": [ { "type": "text", "text": "# Digest::SHA (perldoc)\n\n## NAME\n\nDigest::SHA - Perl extension for SHA-1/224/256/384/512\n\n## SYNOPSIS\n\nIn programs:\n# Functional interface\nuse Digest::SHA qw(sha1 sha1hex sha1base64 ...);\n$digest = sha1($data);\n$digest = sha1hex($data);\n$digest = sha1base64($data);\n$digest = sha256($data);\n$digest = sha384hex($data);\n$digest = sha512base64($data);\n# Object-oriented\nuse Digest::SHA;\n$sha = Digest::SHA->new($alg);\n$sha->add($data); # feed data into stream\n$sha->addfile(*F);\n$sha->addfile($filename);\n$sha->addbits($bits);\n$sha->addbits($data, $nbits);\n$shacopy = $sha->clone; # make copy of digest object\n$state = $sha->getstate; # save current state to string\n$sha->putstate($state); # restore previous $state\n$digest = $sha->digest; # compute digest\n$digest = $sha->hexdigest;\n$digest = $sha->b64digest;\nFrom the command line:\n$ shasum files\n$ shasum --help\nSYNOPSIS (HMAC-SHA)\n# Functional interface only\nuse Digest::SHA qw(hmacsha1 hmacsha1hex ...);\n$digest = hmacsha1($data, $key);\n$digest = hmacsha224hex($data, $key);\n$digest = hmacsha256base64($data, $key);\n\n## DESCRIPTION\n\nDigest::SHA is written in C for speed. If your platform lacks a C compiler, you can install the\nfunctionally equivalent (but much slower) Digest::SHA::PurePerl module.\n\n## Sections\n\n- **NAME**\n- **SYNOPSIS**\n- **ABSTRACT**\n- **DESCRIPTION**\n- **UNICODE AND SIDE EFFECTS**\n- **NIST STATEMENT ON SHA-1**\n- **PADDING OF BASE64 DIGESTS**\n- **EXPORT**\n- **EXPORTABLE FUNCTIONS** (52 subsections)\n- **SEE ALSO**\n- **AUTHOR**\n- **ACKNOWLEDGMENTS**\n- **COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE**\n\nUse structuredContent.sections for detailed options, examples, and full documentation.\n" } ], "structuredContent": { "command": "Digest::SHA", "section": "", "mode": "perldoc", "summary": "Digest::SHA - Perl extension for SHA-1/224/256/384/512", "synopsis": "In programs:\n# Functional interface\nuse Digest::SHA qw(sha1 sha1hex sha1base64 ...);\n$digest = sha1($data);\n$digest = sha1hex($data);\n$digest = sha1base64($data);\n$digest = sha256($data);\n$digest = sha384hex($data);\n$digest = sha512base64($data);\n# Object-oriented\nuse Digest::SHA;\n$sha = Digest::SHA->new($alg);\n$sha->add($data); # feed data into stream\n$sha->addfile(*F);\n$sha->addfile($filename);\n$sha->addbits($bits);\n$sha->addbits($data, $nbits);\n$shacopy = $sha->clone; # make copy of digest object\n$state = $sha->getstate; # save current state to string\n$sha->putstate($state); # restore previous $state\n$digest = $sha->digest; # compute digest\n$digest = $sha->hexdigest;\n$digest = $sha->b64digest;\nFrom the command line:\n$ shasum files\n$ shasum --help\nSYNOPSIS (HMAC-SHA)\n# Functional interface only\nuse Digest::SHA qw(hmacsha1 hmacsha1hex ...);\n$digest = hmacsha1($data, $key);\n$digest = hmacsha224hex($data, $key);\n$digest = hmacsha256base64($data, $key);", "tldr_summary": null, "tldr_examples": [], "tldr_source": null, "flags": [], "examples": [], "see_also": [], "section_outline": [ { "name": "NAME", "lines": 2, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "SYNOPSIS", "lines": 51, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "ABSTRACT", "lines": 5, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "DESCRIPTION", "lines": 57, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "UNICODE AND SIDE EFFECTS", "lines": 24, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "NIST STATEMENT ON SHA-1", "lines": 6, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "PADDING OF BASE64 DIGESTS", "lines": 19, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "EXPORT", "lines": 2, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "EXPORTABLE FUNCTIONS", "lines": 6, "subsections": [ { "name": "sha1", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "sha224", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "sha256", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "sha384", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "sha512", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "sha512224", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "sha512256", "lines": 3 }, { "name": "sha1_hex", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "sha224_hex", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "sha256_hex", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "sha384_hex", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "sha512_hex", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "sha512224_hex", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "sha512256_hex", "lines": 3 }, { "name": "sha1_base64", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "sha224_base64", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "sha256_base64", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "sha384_base64", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "sha512_base64", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "sha512224_base64", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "sha512256_base64", "lines": 10 }, { "name": "new", "lines": 8 }, { "name": "reset", "lines": 16 }, { "name": "add", "lines": 10 }, { "name": "add_bits", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "add_bits", "lines": 25 }, { "name": "addfile", "lines": 3 }, { "name": "addfile", "lines": 28 }, { "name": "putstate", "lines": 5 }, { "name": "dump", "lines": 3 }, { "name": "load", "lines": 30 }, { "name": "hmac_sha1", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "hmac_sha224", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "hmac_sha256", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "hmac_sha384", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "hmac_sha512", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "hmac_sha512224", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "hmac_sha512256", "lines": 4 }, { "name": "hmac_sha1_hex", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "hmac_sha224_hex", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "hmac_sha256_hex", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "hmac_sha384_hex", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "hmac_sha512_hex", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "hmac_sha512224_hex", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "hmac_sha512256_hex", "lines": 4 }, { "name": "hmac_sha1_base64", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "hmac_sha224_base64", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "hmac_sha256_base64", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "hmac_sha384_base64", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "hmac_sha512_base64", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "hmac_sha512224_base64", "lines": 1 }, { "name": "hmac_sha512256_base64", "lines": 9 } ] }, { "name": "SEE ALSO", "lines": 10, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "AUTHOR", "lines": 2, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS", "lines": 28, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE", "lines": 7, "subsections": [] } ], "sections": { "NAME": { "content": "Digest::SHA - Perl extension for SHA-1/224/256/384/512\n", "subsections": [] }, "SYNOPSIS": { "content": "In programs:\n\n# Functional interface\n\nuse Digest::SHA qw(sha1 sha1hex sha1base64 ...);\n\n$digest = sha1($data);\n$digest = sha1hex($data);\n$digest = sha1base64($data);\n\n$digest = sha256($data);\n$digest = sha384hex($data);\n$digest = sha512base64($data);\n\n# Object-oriented\n\nuse Digest::SHA;\n\n$sha = Digest::SHA->new($alg);\n\n$sha->add($data); # feed data into stream\n\n$sha->addfile(*F);\n$sha->addfile($filename);\n\n$sha->addbits($bits);\n$sha->addbits($data, $nbits);\n\n$shacopy = $sha->clone; # make copy of digest object\n$state = $sha->getstate; # save current state to string\n$sha->putstate($state); # restore previous $state\n\n$digest = $sha->digest; # compute digest\n$digest = $sha->hexdigest;\n$digest = $sha->b64digest;\n\nFrom the command line:\n\n$ shasum files\n\n$ shasum --help\n\nSYNOPSIS (HMAC-SHA)\n# Functional interface only\n\nuse Digest::SHA qw(hmacsha1 hmacsha1hex ...);\n\n$digest = hmacsha1($data, $key);\n$digest = hmacsha224hex($data, $key);\n$digest = hmacsha256base64($data, $key);\n", "subsections": [] }, "ABSTRACT": { "content": "Digest::SHA is a complete implementation of the NIST Secure Hash Standard. It gives Perl\nprogrammers a convenient way to calculate SHA-1, SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512,\nSHA-512/224, and SHA-512/256 message digests. The module can handle all types of input,\nincluding partial-byte data.\n", "subsections": [] }, "DESCRIPTION": { "content": "Digest::SHA is written in C for speed. If your platform lacks a C compiler, you can install the\nfunctionally equivalent (but much slower) Digest::SHA::PurePerl module.\n\nThe programming interface is easy to use: it's the same one found in CPAN's Digest module. So,\nif your applications currently use Digest::MD5 and you'd prefer the stronger security of SHA,\nit's a simple matter to convert them.\n\nThe interface provides two ways to calculate digests: all-at-once, or in stages. To illustrate,\nthe following short program computes the SHA-256 digest of \"hello world\" using each approach:\n\nuse Digest::SHA qw(sha256hex);\n\n$data = \"hello world\";\n@frags = split(//, $data);\n\n# all-at-once (Functional style)\n$digest1 = sha256hex($data);\n\n# in-stages (OOP style)\n$state = Digest::SHA->new(256);\nfor (@frags) { $state->add($) }\n$digest2 = $state->hexdigest;\n\nprint $digest1 eq $digest2 ?\n\"whew!\\n\" : \"oops!\\n\";\n\nTo calculate the digest of an n-bit message where *n* is not a multiple of 8, use the\n*addbits()* method. For example, consider the 446-bit message consisting of the bit-string\n\"110\" repeated 148 times, followed by \"11\". Here's how to display its SHA-1 digest:\n\nuse Digest::SHA;\n$bits = \"110\" x 148 . \"11\";\n$sha = Digest::SHA->new(1)->addbits($bits);\nprint $sha->hexdigest, \"\\n\";\n\nNote that for larger bit-strings, it's more efficient to use the two-argument version\n*addbits($data, $nbits)*, where *$data* is in the customary packed binary format used for Perl\nstrings.\n\nThe module also lets you save intermediate SHA states to a string. The *getstate()* method\ngenerates portable, human-readable text describing the current state of computation. You can\nsubsequently restore that state with *putstate()* to resume where the calculation left off.\n\nTo see what a state description looks like, just run the following:\n\nuse Digest::SHA;\nprint Digest::SHA->new->add(\"Shaw\" x 1962)->getstate;\n\nAs an added convenience, the Digest::SHA module offers routines to calculate keyed hashes using\nthe HMAC-SHA-1/224/256/384/512 algorithms. These services exist in functional form only, and\nmimic the style and behavior of the *sha()*, *shahex()*, and *shabase64()* functions.\n\n# Test vector from draft-ietf-ipsec-ciph-sha-256-01.txt\n\nuse Digest::SHA qw(hmacsha256hex);\nprint hmacsha256hex(\"Hi There\", chr(0x0b) x 32), \"\\n\";\n", "subsections": [] }, "UNICODE AND SIDE EFFECTS": { "content": "Perl supports Unicode strings as of version 5.6. Such strings may contain wide characters,\nnamely, characters whose ordinal values are greater than 255. This can cause problems for digest\nalgorithms such as SHA that are specified to operate on sequences of bytes.\n\nThe rule by which Digest::SHA handles a Unicode string is easy to state, but potentially\nconfusing to grasp: the string is interpreted as a sequence of byte values, where each byte\nvalue is equal to the ordinal value (viz. code point) of its corresponding Unicode character.\nThat way, the Unicode string 'abc' has exactly the same digest value as the ordinary string\n'abc'.\n\nSince a wide character does not fit into a byte, the Digest::SHA routines croak if they\nencounter one. Whereas if a Unicode string contains no wide characters, the module accepts it\nquite happily. The following code illustrates the two cases:\n\n$str1 = pack('U*', (0..255));\nprint sha1hex($str1); # ok\n\n$str2 = pack('U*', (0..256));\nprint sha1hex($str2); # croaks\n\nBe aware that the digest routines silently convert UTF-8 input into its equivalent byte sequence\nin the native encoding (cf. utf8::downgrade). This side effect influences only the way Perl\nstores the data internally, but otherwise leaves the actual value of the data intact.\n", "subsections": [] }, "NIST STATEMENT ON SHA-1": { "content": "NIST acknowledges that the work of Prof. Xiaoyun Wang constitutes a practical collision attack\non SHA-1. Therefore, NIST encourages the rapid adoption of the SHA-2 hash functions (e.g.\nSHA-256) for applications requiring strong collision resistance, such as digital signatures.\n\nref. \n", "subsections": [] }, "PADDING OF BASE64 DIGESTS": { "content": "By convention, CPAN Digest modules do not pad their Base64 output. Problems can occur when\nfeeding such digests to other software that expects properly padded Base64 encodings.\n\nFor the time being, any necessary padding must be done by the user. Fortunately, this is a\nsimple operation: if the length of a Base64-encoded digest isn't a multiple of 4, simply append\n\"=\" characters to the end of the digest until it is:\n\nwhile (length($b64digest) % 4) {\n$b64digest .= '=';\n}\n\nTo illustrate, *sha256base64(\"abc\")* is computed to be\n\nungWv48Bz+pBQUDeXa4iI7ADYaOWF3qctBD/YfIAFa0\n\nwhich has a length of 43. So, the properly padded version is\n\nungWv48Bz+pBQUDeXa4iI7ADYaOWF3qctBD/YfIAFa0=\n", "subsections": [] }, "EXPORT": { "content": "None by default.\n", "subsections": [] }, "EXPORTABLE FUNCTIONS": { "content": "Provided your C compiler supports a 64-bit type (e.g. the *long long* of C99, or *int64* used\nby Microsoft C/C++), all of these functions will be available for use. Otherwise, you won't be\nable to perform the SHA-384 and SHA-512 transforms, both of which require 64-bit operations.\n\n*Functional style*\n", "subsections": [ { "name": "sha1", "content": "" }, { "name": "sha224", "content": "" }, { "name": "sha256", "content": "" }, { "name": "sha384", "content": "" }, { "name": "sha512", "content": "" }, { "name": "sha512224", "content": "" }, { "name": "sha512256", "content": "Logically joins the arguments into a single string, and returns its SHA-1/224/256/384/512\ndigest encoded as a binary string.\n" }, { "name": "sha1_hex", "content": "" }, { "name": "sha224_hex", "content": "" }, { "name": "sha256_hex", "content": "" }, { "name": "sha384_hex", "content": "" }, { "name": "sha512_hex", "content": "" }, { "name": "sha512224_hex", "content": "" }, { "name": "sha512256_hex", "content": "Logically joins the arguments into a single string, and returns its SHA-1/224/256/384/512\ndigest encoded as a hexadecimal string.\n" }, { "name": "sha1_base64", "content": "" }, { "name": "sha224_base64", "content": "" }, { "name": "sha256_base64", "content": "" }, { "name": "sha384_base64", "content": "" }, { "name": "sha512_base64", "content": "" }, { "name": "sha512224_base64", "content": "" }, { "name": "sha512256_base64", "content": "Logically joins the arguments into a single string, and returns its SHA-1/224/256/384/512\ndigest encoded as a Base64 string.\n\nIt's important to note that the resulting string does not contain the padding characters\ntypical of Base64 encodings. This omission is deliberate, and is done to maintain\ncompatibility with the family of CPAN Digest modules. See \"PADDING OF BASE64 DIGESTS\" for\ndetails.\n\n*OOP style*\n" }, { "name": "new", "content": "Returns a new Digest::SHA object. Allowed values for *$alg* are 1, 224, 256, 384, 512,\n512224, or 512256. It's also possible to use common string representations of the algorithm\n(e.g. \"sha256\", \"SHA-384\"). If the argument is missing, SHA-1 will be used by default.\n\nInvoking *new* as an instance method will reset the object to the initial state associated\nwith *$alg*. If the argument is missing, the object will continue using the same algorithm\nthat was selected at creation.\n" }, { "name": "reset", "content": "This method has exactly the same effect as *new($alg)*. In fact, *reset* is just an alias\nfor *new*.\n\nhashsize\nReturns the number of digest bits for this object. The values are 160, 224, 256, 384, 512,\n224, and 256 for SHA-1, SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512, SHA-512/224 and SHA-512/256,\nrespectively.\n\nalgorithm\nReturns the digest algorithm for this object. The values are 1, 224, 256, 384, 512, 512224,\nand 512256 for SHA-1, SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512, SHA-512/224, and SHA-512/256,\nrespectively.\n\nclone\nReturns a duplicate copy of the object.\n" }, { "name": "add", "content": "Logically joins the arguments into a single string, and uses it to update the current digest\nstate. In other words, the following statements have the same effect:\n\n$sha->add(\"a\"); $sha->add(\"b\"); $sha->add(\"c\");\n$sha->add(\"a\")->add(\"b\")->add(\"c\");\n$sha->add(\"a\", \"b\", \"c\");\n$sha->add(\"abc\");\n\nThe return value is the updated object itself.\n" }, { "name": "add_bits", "content": "" }, { "name": "add_bits", "content": "Updates the current digest state by appending bits to it. The return value is the updated\nobject itself.\n\nThe first form causes the most-significant *$nbits* of *$data* to be appended to the stream.\nThe *$data* argument is in the customary binary format used for Perl strings.\n\nThe second form takes an ASCII string of \"0\" and \"1\" characters as its argument. It's\nequivalent to\n\n$sha->addbits(pack(\"B*\", $bits), length($bits));\n\nSo, the following two statements do the same thing:\n\n$sha->addbits(\"111100001010\");\n$sha->addbits(\"\\xF0\\xA0\", 12);\n\nNote that SHA-1 and SHA-2 use *most-significant-bit ordering* for their internal state. This\nmeans that\n\n$sha3->addbits(\"110\");\n\nis equivalent to\n\n$sha3->addbits(\"1\")->addbits(\"1\")->addbits(\"0\");\n" }, { "name": "addfile", "content": "Reads from *FILE* until EOF, and appends that data to the current state. The return value is\nthe updated object itself.\n" }, { "name": "addfile", "content": "Reads the contents of *$filename*, and appends that data to the current state. The return\nvalue is the updated object itself.\n\nBy default, *$filename* is simply opened and read; no special modes or I/O disciplines are\nused. To change this, set the optional *$mode* argument to one of the following values:\n\n\"b\" read file in binary mode\n\n\"U\" use universal newlines\n\n\"0\" use BITS mode\n\nThe \"U\" mode is modeled on Python's \"Universal Newlines\" concept, whereby DOS and Mac OS\nline terminators are converted internally to UNIX newlines before processing. This ensures\nconsistent digest values when working simultaneously across multiple file systems. The \"U\"\nmode influences only text files, namely those passing Perl's *-T* test; binary files are\nprocessed with no translation whatsoever.\n\nThe BITS mode (\"0\") interprets the contents of *$filename* as a logical stream of bits,\nwhere each ASCII '0' or '1' character represents a 0 or 1 bit, respectively. All other\ncharacters are ignored. This provides a convenient way to calculate the digest values of\npartial-byte data by using files, rather than having to write separate programs employing\nthe *addbits* method.\n\ngetstate\nReturns a string containing a portable, human-readable representation of the current SHA\nstate.\n" }, { "name": "putstate", "content": "Returns a Digest::SHA object representing the SHA state contained in *$str*. The format of\n*$str* matches the format of the output produced by method *getstate*. If called as a class\nmethod, a new object is created; if called as an instance method, the object is reset to the\nstate contained in *$str*.\n" }, { "name": "dump", "content": "Writes the output of *getstate* to *$filename*. If the argument is missing, or equal to the\nempty string, the state information will be written to STDOUT.\n" }, { "name": "load", "content": "Returns a Digest::SHA object that results from calling *putstate* on the contents of\n*$filename*. If the argument is missing, or equal to the empty string, the state information\nwill be read from STDIN.\n\ndigest\nReturns the digest encoded as a binary string.\n\nNote that the *digest* method is a read-once operation. Once it has been performed, the\nDigest::SHA object is automatically reset in preparation for calculating another digest\nvalue. Call *$sha->clone->digest* if it's necessary to preserve the original digest state.\n\nhexdigest\nReturns the digest encoded as a hexadecimal string.\n\nLike *digest*, this method is a read-once operation. Call *$sha->clone->hexdigest* if it's\nnecessary to preserve the original digest state.\n\nb64digest\nReturns the digest encoded as a Base64 string.\n\nLike *digest*, this method is a read-once operation. Call *$sha->clone->b64digest* if it's\nnecessary to preserve the original digest state.\n\nIt's important to note that the resulting string does not contain the padding characters\ntypical of Base64 encodings. This omission is deliberate, and is done to maintain\ncompatibility with the family of CPAN Digest modules. See \"PADDING OF BASE64 DIGESTS\" for\ndetails.\n\n*HMAC-SHA-1/224/256/384/512*\n" }, { "name": "hmac_sha1", "content": "" }, { "name": "hmac_sha224", "content": "" }, { "name": "hmac_sha256", "content": "" }, { "name": "hmac_sha384", "content": "" }, { "name": "hmac_sha512", "content": "" }, { "name": "hmac_sha512224", "content": "" }, { "name": "hmac_sha512256", "content": "Returns the HMAC-SHA-1/224/256/384/512 digest of *$data*/*$key*, with the result encoded as\na binary string. Multiple *$data* arguments are allowed, provided that *$key* is the last\nargument in the list.\n" }, { "name": "hmac_sha1_hex", "content": "" }, { "name": "hmac_sha224_hex", "content": "" }, { "name": "hmac_sha256_hex", "content": "" }, { "name": "hmac_sha384_hex", "content": "" }, { "name": "hmac_sha512_hex", "content": "" }, { "name": "hmac_sha512224_hex", "content": "" }, { "name": "hmac_sha512256_hex", "content": "Returns the HMAC-SHA-1/224/256/384/512 digest of *$data*/*$key*, with the result encoded as\na hexadecimal string. Multiple *$data* arguments are allowed, provided that *$key* is the\nlast argument in the list.\n" }, { "name": "hmac_sha1_base64", "content": "" }, { "name": "hmac_sha224_base64", "content": "" }, { "name": "hmac_sha256_base64", "content": "" }, { "name": "hmac_sha384_base64", "content": "" }, { "name": "hmac_sha512_base64", "content": "" }, { "name": "hmac_sha512224_base64", "content": "" }, { "name": "hmac_sha512256_base64", "content": "Returns the HMAC-SHA-1/224/256/384/512 digest of *$data*/*$key*, with the result encoded as\na Base64 string. Multiple *$data* arguments are allowed, provided that *$key* is the last\nargument in the list.\n\nIt's important to note that the resulting string does not contain the padding characters\ntypical of Base64 encodings. This omission is deliberate, and is done to maintain\ncompatibility with the family of CPAN Digest modules. See \"PADDING OF BASE64 DIGESTS\" for\ndetails.\n" } ] }, "SEE ALSO": { "content": "Digest, Digest::SHA::PurePerl\n\nThe Secure Hash Standard (Draft FIPS PUB 180-4) can be found at:\n\n\n\nThe Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC):\n\n\n", "subsections": [] }, "AUTHOR": { "content": "Mark Shelor \n", "subsections": [] }, "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS": { "content": "The author is particularly grateful to\n\nGisle Aas\nH. Merijn Brand\nSean Burke\nChris Carey\nAlexandr Ciornii\nChris David\nJim Doble\nThomas Drugeon\nJulius Duque\nJeffrey Friedl\nRobert Gilmour\nBrian Gladman\nJarkko Hietaniemi\nAdam Kennedy\nMark Lawrence\nAndy Lester\nAlex Muntada\nSteve Peters\nChris Skiscim\nMartin Thurn\nGunnar Wolf\nAdam Woodbury\n\n\"who by trained skill rescued life from such great billows and such thick darkness and moored it\nin so perfect a calm and in so brilliant a light\" - Lucretius\n", "subsections": [] }, "COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE": { "content": "Copyright (C) 2003-2018 Mark Shelor\n\nThis library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as\nPerl itself.\n\nperlartistic\n", "subsections": [] } } } }