# phpman > man > Digest::SHA

## NAME
    [Digest::SHA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3ASHA/markdown) - Perl extension for SHA-1/224/256/384/512

## SYNOPSIS
    In programs:

                    # Functional interface

            use [Digest::SHA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3ASHA/markdown) qw(sha1 sha1_hex sha1_base64 ...);

            $digest = sha1($data);
            $digest = sha1_hex($data);
            $digest = sha1_base64($data);

            $digest = sha256($data);
            $digest = sha384_hex($data);
            $digest = sha512_base64($data);

                    # Object-oriented

            use [Digest::SHA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3ASHA/markdown);

            $sha = [Digest::SHA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3ASHA/markdown)->new($alg);

            $sha->add($data);               # feed data into stream

            $sha->addfile(*F);
            $sha->addfile($filename);

            $sha->add_bits($bits);
            $sha->add_bits($data, $nbits);

            $sha_copy = $sha->clone;        # make copy of digest object
            $state = $sha->getstate;        # save current state to string
            $sha->putstate($state);         # restore previous $state

            $digest = $sha->digest;         # compute digest
            $digest = $sha->hexdigest;
            $digest = $sha->b64digest;

    From the command line:

            $ shasum files

            $ shasum --help

SYNOPSIS (HMAC-SHA)
                    # Functional interface only

            use [Digest::SHA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3ASHA/markdown) qw(hmac_sha1 hmac_sha1_hex ...);

            $digest = hmac_sha1($data, $key);
            $digest = hmac_sha224_hex($data, $key);
            $digest = hmac_sha256_base64($data, $key);

## ABSTRACT
    [Digest::SHA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3ASHA/markdown) is a complete implementation of the NIST Secure Hash Standard. It gives Perl
    programmers a convenient way to calculate SHA-1, SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512,
    SHA-512/224, and SHA-512/256 message digests. The module can handle all types of input,
    including partial-byte data.

## DESCRIPTION
    [Digest::SHA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3ASHA/markdown) is written in C for speed. If your platform lacks a C compiler, you can install the
    functionally equivalent (but much slower) [Digest::SHA::PurePerl](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3ASHA%3A%3APurePerl/markdown) module.

    The programming interface is easy to use: it's the same one found in CPAN's Digest module. So,
    if your applications currently use [Digest::MD5](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3AMD5/markdown) and you'd prefer the stronger security of SHA,
    it's a simple matter to convert them.

    The interface provides two ways to calculate digests: all-at-once, or in stages. To illustrate,
    the following short program computes the SHA-256 digest of "hello world" using each approach:

            use [Digest::SHA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3ASHA/markdown) qw(sha256_hex);

            $data = "hello world";
            @frags = split(//, $data);

            # all-at-once (Functional style)
            $digest1 = sha256_hex($data);

            # in-stages (OOP style)
            $state = [Digest::SHA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3ASHA/markdown)->[new(256)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/new/256/markdown);
            for (@frags) { $state->add($_) }
            $digest2 = $state->hexdigest;

            print $digest1 eq $digest2 ?
                    "whew!\n" : "oops!\n";

    To calculate the digest of an n-bit message where *n* is not a multiple of 8, use the
    *add_bits()* method. For example, consider the 446-bit message consisting of the bit-string
    "110" repeated 148 times, followed by "11". Here's how to display its SHA-1 digest:

            use [Digest::SHA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3ASHA/markdown);
            $bits = "110" x 148 . "11";
            $sha = [Digest::SHA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3ASHA/markdown)->[new(1)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/new/1/markdown)->add_bits($bits);
            print $sha->hexdigest, "\n";

    Note that for larger bit-strings, it's more efficient to use the two-argument version
    *add_bits($data, $nbits)*, where *$data* is in the customary packed binary format used for Perl
    strings.

    The module also lets you save intermediate SHA states to a string. The *getstate()* method
    generates portable, human-readable text describing the current state of computation. You can
    subsequently restore that state with *putstate()* to resume where the calculation left off.

    To see what a state description looks like, just run the following:

            use [Digest::SHA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3ASHA/markdown);
            print [Digest::SHA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3ASHA/markdown)->new->add("Shaw" x 1962)->getstate;

    As an added convenience, the [Digest::SHA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3ASHA/markdown) module offers routines to calculate keyed hashes using
    the HMAC-SHA-1/224/256/384/512 algorithms. These services exist in functional form only, and
    mimic the style and behavior of the *sha()*, *sha_hex()*, and *sha_base64()* functions.

            # Test vector from draft-ietf-ipsec-ciph-sha-256-01.txt

            use [Digest::SHA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3ASHA/markdown) qw(hmac_sha256_hex);
            print hmac_sha256_hex("Hi There", [chr(0x0b)](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/chr/0x0b/markdown) x 32), "\n";

## UNICODE AND SIDE EFFECTS
    Perl supports Unicode strings as of version 5.6. Such strings may contain wide characters,
    namely, characters whose ordinal values are greater than 255. This can cause problems for digest
    algorithms such as SHA that are specified to operate on sequences of bytes.

    The rule by which [Digest::SHA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3ASHA/markdown) handles a Unicode string is easy to state, but potentially
    confusing to grasp: the string is interpreted as a sequence of byte values, where each byte
    value is equal to the ordinal value (viz. code point) of its corresponding Unicode character.
    That way, the Unicode string 'abc' has exactly the same digest value as the ordinary string
    'abc'.

    Since a wide character does not fit into a byte, the [Digest::SHA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3ASHA/markdown) routines croak if they
    encounter one. Whereas if a Unicode string contains no wide characters, the module accepts it
    quite happily. The following code illustrates the two cases:

            $str1 = pack('U*', (0..255));
            print sha1_hex($str1);          # ok

            $str2 = pack('U*', (0..256));
            print sha1_hex($str2);          # croaks

    Be aware that the digest routines silently convert UTF-8 input into its equivalent byte sequence
    in the native encoding (cf. [utf8::downgrade](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/utf8%3A%3Adowngrade/markdown)). This side effect influences only the way Perl
    stores the data internally, but otherwise leaves the actual value of the data intact.

## NIST STATEMENT ON SHA-1
    NIST acknowledges that the work of Prof. Xiaoyun Wang constitutes a practical collision attack
    on SHA-1. Therefore, NIST encourages the rapid adoption of the SHA-2 hash functions (e.g.
    SHA-256) for applications requiring strong collision resistance, such as digital signatures.

    ref. <<http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/hash/statement.html>>

## PADDING OF BASE64 DIGESTS
    By convention, CPAN Digest modules do not pad their Base64 output. Problems can occur when
    feeding such digests to other software that expects properly padded Base64 encodings.

    For the time being, any necessary padding must be done by the user. Fortunately, this is a
    simple operation: if the length of a Base64-encoded digest isn't a multiple of 4, simply append
    "=" characters to the end of the digest until it is:

            while (length($b64_digest) % 4) {
                    $b64_digest .= '=';
            }

    To illustrate, *sha256_base64("abc")* is computed to be

            ungWv48Bz+pBQUDeXa4iI7ADYaOWF3qctBD/YfIAFa0

    which has a length of 43. So, the properly padded version is

            ungWv48Bz+pBQUDeXa4iI7ADYaOWF3qctBD/YfIAFa0=

## EXPORT
    None by default.

## EXPORTABLE FUNCTIONS
    Provided your C compiler supports a 64-bit type (e.g. the *long long* of C99, or *__int64* used
    by Microsoft C/C++), all of these functions will be available for use. Otherwise, you won't be
    able to perform the SHA-384 and SHA-512 transforms, both of which require 64-bit operations.

    *Functional style*

### sha1
### sha224
### sha256
### sha384
### sha512
### sha512224
### sha512256
        Logically joins the arguments into a single string, and returns its SHA-1/224/256/384/512
        digest encoded as a binary string.

### sha1_hex
### sha224_hex
### sha256_hex
### sha384_hex
### sha512_hex
### sha512224_hex
### sha512256_hex
        Logically joins the arguments into a single string, and returns its SHA-1/224/256/384/512
        digest encoded as a hexadecimal string.

### sha1_base64
### sha224_base64
### sha256_base64
### sha384_base64
### sha512_base64
### sha512224_base64
### sha512256_base64
        Logically joins the arguments into a single string, and returns its SHA-1/224/256/384/512
        digest encoded as a Base64 string.

        It's important to note that the resulting string does not contain the padding characters
        typical of Base64 encodings. This omission is deliberate, and is done to maintain
        compatibility with the family of CPAN Digest modules. See "PADDING OF BASE64 DIGESTS" for
        details.

    *OOP style*

### new
        Returns a new [Digest::SHA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3ASHA/markdown) object. Allowed values for *$alg* are 1, 224, 256, 384, 512,
        512224, or 512256. It's also possible to use common string representations of the algorithm
        (e.g. "sha256", "SHA-384"). If the argument is missing, SHA-1 will be used by default.

        Invoking *new* as an instance method will reset the object to the initial state associated
        with *$alg*. If the argument is missing, the object will continue using the same algorithm
        that was selected at creation.

### reset
        This method has exactly the same effect as *new($alg)*. In fact, *reset* is just an alias
        for *new*.

    hashsize
        Returns the number of digest bits for this object. The values are 160, 224, 256, 384, 512,
        224, and 256 for SHA-1, SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512, SHA-512/224 and SHA-512/256,
        respectively.

    algorithm
        Returns the digest algorithm for this object. The values are 1, 224, 256, 384, 512, 512224,
        and 512256 for SHA-1, SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512, SHA-512/224, and SHA-512/256,
        respectively.

    clone
        Returns a duplicate copy of the object.

### add
        Logically joins the arguments into a single string, and uses it to update the current digest
        state. In other words, the following statements have the same effect:

                $sha->add("a"); $sha->add("b"); $sha->add("c");
                $sha->add("a")->add("b")->add("c");
                $sha->add("a", "b", "c");
                $sha->add("abc");

        The return value is the updated object itself.

### add_bits
### add_bits
        Updates the current digest state by appending bits to it. The return value is the updated
        object itself.

        The first form causes the most-significant *$nbits* of *$data* to be appended to the stream.
        The *$data* argument is in the customary binary format used for Perl strings.

        The second form takes an ASCII string of "0" and "1" characters as its argument. It's
        equivalent to

                $sha->add_bits(pack("B*", $bits), length($bits));

        So, the following two statements do the same thing:

                $sha->add_bits("111100001010");
                $sha->add_bits("\xF0\xA0", 12);

        Note that SHA-1 and SHA-2 use *most-significant-bit ordering* for their internal state. This
        means that

                $sha3->add_bits("110");

        is equivalent to

                $sha3->add_bits("1")->add_bits("1")->add_bits("0");

### addfile
        Reads from *FILE* until EOF, and appends that data to the current state. The return value is
        the updated object itself.

### addfile
        Reads the contents of *$filename*, and appends that data to the current state. The return
        value is the updated object itself.

        By default, *$filename* is simply opened and read; no special modes or I/O disciplines are
        used. To change this, set the optional *$mode* argument to one of the following values:

                "b"     read file in binary mode

                "U"     use universal newlines

                "0"     use BITS mode

        The "U" mode is modeled on Python's "Universal Newlines" concept, whereby DOS and Mac OS
        line terminators are converted internally to UNIX newlines before processing. This ensures
        consistent digest values when working simultaneously across multiple file systems. The "U"
        mode influences only text files, namely those passing Perl's *-T* test; binary files are
        processed with no translation whatsoever.

        The BITS mode ("0") interprets the contents of *$filename* as a logical stream of bits,
        where each ASCII '0' or '1' character represents a 0 or 1 bit, respectively. All other
        characters are ignored. This provides a convenient way to calculate the digest values of
        partial-byte data by using files, rather than having to write separate programs employing
        the *add_bits* method.

    getstate
        Returns a string containing a portable, human-readable representation of the current SHA
        state.

### putstate
        Returns a [Digest::SHA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3ASHA/markdown) object representing the SHA state contained in *$str*. The format of
        *$str* matches the format of the output produced by method *getstate*. If called as a class
        method, a new object is created; if called as an instance method, the object is reset to the
        state contained in *$str*.

### dump
        Writes the output of *getstate* to *$filename*. If the argument is missing, or equal to the
        empty string, the state information will be written to STDOUT.

### load
        Returns a [Digest::SHA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3ASHA/markdown) object that results from calling *putstate* on the contents of
        *$filename*. If the argument is missing, or equal to the empty string, the state information
        will be read from STDIN.

    digest
        Returns the digest encoded as a binary string.

        Note that the *digest* method is a read-once operation. Once it has been performed, the
        [Digest::SHA](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3ASHA/markdown) object is automatically reset in preparation for calculating another digest
        value. Call *$sha->clone->digest* if it's necessary to preserve the original digest state.

    hexdigest
        Returns the digest encoded as a hexadecimal string.

        Like *digest*, this method is a read-once operation. Call *$sha->clone->hexdigest* if it's
        necessary to preserve the original digest state.

    b64digest
        Returns the digest encoded as a Base64 string.

        Like *digest*, this method is a read-once operation. Call *$sha->clone->b64digest* if it's
        necessary to preserve the original digest state.

        It's important to note that the resulting string does not contain the padding characters
        typical of Base64 encodings. This omission is deliberate, and is done to maintain
        compatibility with the family of CPAN Digest modules. See "PADDING OF BASE64 DIGESTS" for
        details.

    *HMAC-SHA-1/224/256/384/512*

### hmac_sha1
### hmac_sha224
### hmac_sha256
### hmac_sha384
### hmac_sha512
### hmac_sha512224
### hmac_sha512256
        Returns the HMAC-SHA-1/224/256/384/512 digest of *$data*/*$key*, with the result encoded as
        a binary string. Multiple *$data* arguments are allowed, provided that *$key* is the last
        argument in the list.

### hmac_sha1_hex
### hmac_sha224_hex
### hmac_sha256_hex
### hmac_sha384_hex
### hmac_sha512_hex
### hmac_sha512224_hex
### hmac_sha512256_hex
        Returns the HMAC-SHA-1/224/256/384/512 digest of *$data*/*$key*, with the result encoded as
        a hexadecimal string. Multiple *$data* arguments are allowed, provided that *$key* is the
        last argument in the list.

### hmac_sha1_base64
### hmac_sha224_base64
### hmac_sha256_base64
### hmac_sha384_base64
### hmac_sha512_base64
### hmac_sha512224_base64
### hmac_sha512256_base64
        Returns the HMAC-SHA-1/224/256/384/512 digest of *$data*/*$key*, with the result encoded as
        a Base64 string. Multiple *$data* arguments are allowed, provided that *$key* is the last
        argument in the list.

        It's important to note that the resulting string does not contain the padding characters
        typical of Base64 encodings. This omission is deliberate, and is done to maintain
        compatibility with the family of CPAN Digest modules. See "PADDING OF BASE64 DIGESTS" for
        details.

## SEE ALSO
    Digest, [Digest::SHA::PurePerl](https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/perldoc/Digest%3A%3ASHA%3A%3APurePerl/markdown)

    The Secure Hash Standard (Draft FIPS PUB 180-4) can be found at:

    <<http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/drafts/fips180-4/Draft-FIPS180-4_Feb2011.pdf>>

    The Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC):

    <<http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips198/fips-198a.pdf>>

## AUTHOR
            Mark Shelor     <<mshelor@cpan.org>>

## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    The author is particularly grateful to

            Gisle Aas
            H. Merijn Brand
            Sean Burke
            Chris Carey
            Alexandr Ciornii
            Chris David
            Jim Doble
            Thomas Drugeon
            Julius Duque
            Jeffrey Friedl
            Robert Gilmour
            Brian Gladman
            Jarkko Hietaniemi
            Adam Kennedy
            Mark Lawrence
            Andy Lester
            Alex Muntada
            Steve Peters
            Chris Skiscim
            Martin Thurn
            Gunnar Wolf
            Adam Woodbury

    "who by trained skill rescued life from such great billows and such thick darkness and moored it
    in so perfect a calm and in so brilliant a light" - Lucretius

## COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
    Copyright (C) 2003-2018 Mark Shelor

    This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as
    Perl itself.

    perlartistic