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HOST(1) BIND 9 HOST(1) NAME host - DNS lookup utility SYNOPSIS host [-aACdlnrsTUwv] [-c class] [-N ndots] [-p port] [-R number] [-t type] [-W wait] [-m flag] [ [-4] | [-6] ] [-v] [-V] {name} [server] DESCRIPTION host is a simple utility for performing DNS lookups. It is normally used to convert names to IP addresses and vice versa. When no arguments or options are given, host prints a short sum‐ mary of its command-line arguments and options. name is the domain name that is to be looked up. It can also be a dotted-decimal IPv4 address or a colon-delimited IPv6 address, in which case host by default performs a reverse lookup for that address. server is an optional argument which is either the name or IP address of the name server that host should query instead of the server or servers listed in /etc/re‐‐ solv.conf. OPTIONS -4 This option specifies that only IPv4 should be used for query transport. See also the -6 option. -6 This option specifies that only IPv6 should be used for query transport. See also the -4 option. -a The -a ("all") option is normally equivalent to -v -t ANY. It also affects the behav‐ ior of the -l list zone option. -A The -A ("almost all") option is equivalent to -a, except that RRSIG, NSEC, and NSEC3 records are omitted from the output. -c class This option specifies the query class, which can be used to lookup HS (Hesiod) or CH (Chaosnet) class resource records. The default class is IN (Internet). -C This option indicates that named should check consistency, meaning that host queries the SOA records for zone name from all the listed authoritative name servers for that zone. The list of name servers is defined by the NS records that are found for the zone. -d This option prints debugging traces, and is equivalent to the -v verbose option. -l This option tells named to list the zone, meaning the host command performs a zone transfer of zone name and prints out the NS, PTR, and address records (A/AAAA). Together, the -l -a options print all records in the zone. -N ndots This option specifies the number of dots (ndots) that have to be in name for it to be considered absolute. The default value is that defined using the ndots statement in /etc/resolv.conf, or 1 if no ndots statement is present. Names with fewer dots are in‐ terpreted as relative names, and are searched for in the domains listed in the search or domain directive in /etc/resolv.conf. -p port This option specifies the port to query on the server. The default is 53. -r This option specifies a non-recursive query; setting this option clears the RD (recur‐ sion desired) bit in the query. This means that the name server receiving the query does not attempt to resolve name. The -r option enables host to mimic the behavior of a name server by making non-recursive queries, and expecting to receive answers to those queries that can be referrals to other name servers. -R number This option specifies the number of retries for UDP queries. If number is negative or zero, the number of retries is silently set to 1. The default value is 1, or the value of the attempts option in /etc/resolv.conf, if set. -s This option tells named not to send the query to the next nameserver if any server re‐ sponds with a SERVFAIL response, which is the reverse of normal stub resolver behav‐ ior. -t type This option specifies the query type. The type argument can be any recognized query type: CNAME, NS, SOA, TXT, DNSKEY, AXFR, etc. When no query type is specified, host automatically selects an appropriate query type. By default, it looks for A, AAAA, and MX records. If the -C option is given, queries are made for SOA records. If name is a dotted-decimal IPv4 address or colon-delimited IPv6 address, host queries for PTR records. If a query type of IXFR is chosen, the starting serial number can be specified by ap‐ pending an equals sign (=), followed by the starting serial number, e.g., -t IXFR=12345678. -T, -U This option specifies TCP or UDP. By default, host uses UDP when making queries; the -T option makes it use a TCP connection when querying the name server. TCP is automat‐ ically selected for queries that require it, such as zone transfer (AXFR) requests. Type ANY queries default to TCP, but can be forced to use UDP initially via -U. -m flag This option sets memory usage debugging: the flag can be record, usage, or trace. The -m option can be specified more than once to set multiple flags. -v This option sets verbose output, and is equivalent to the -d debug option. Verbose output can also be enabled by setting the debug option in /etc/resolv.conf. -V This option prints the version number and exits. -w This option sets "wait forever": the query timeout is set to the maximum possible. See also the -W option. -W wait This options sets the length of the wait timeout, indicating that named should wait for up to wait seconds for a reply. If wait is less than 1, the wait interval is set to 1 second. By default, host waits for 5 seconds for UDP responses and 10 seconds for TCP connec‐ tions. These defaults can be overridden by the timeout option in /etc/resolv.conf. See also the -w option. IDN SUPPORT If host has been built with IDN (internationalized domain name) support, it can accept and display non-ASCII domain names. host appropriately converts character encoding of a domain name before sending a request to a DNS server or displaying a reply from the server. To turn off IDN support, define the IDN_DISABLE environment variable. IDN support is disabled if the variable is set when host runs. FILES /etc/resolv.conf SEE ALSO dig(1), named(8). AUTHOR Internet Systems Consortium COPYRIGHT 2026, Internet Systems Consortium 9.18.39-0ubuntu0.22.04.4-Ubuntu 2025-08-13 HOST(1) DICT(1) DICT(1) NAME dict - DICT Protocol Client SYNOPSIS dict word dict [options] [word] dict [options] dict://host:port/d:word:database dict [options] dict://host:port/m:word:database:strategy DESCRIPTION dict is a client for the Dictionary Server Protocol (DICT), a TCP transaction based query/re‐ sponse protocol that provides access to dictionary definitions from a set of natural language dictionary databases. Exit status is 0 if operation succeeded, or non-zero otherwise. See EXIT STATUS section. OPTIONS -h server or --host server Specifies the hostname for the DICT server. Server/port combinations can be specified in the configuration file. If no servers are specified in the configuration file or on the command line, dict will fail. If IP lookup for a server expands to a list of IP addresses (as dict.org does currently), then each IP will be tried in the order listed. -p service or --port service Specifies the port (e.g., 2628) or service (e.g., dict) for connections. The default is 2628, as specified in the DICT Protocol RFC. Server/port combinations can be spec‐ ified in the configuration file. -d dbname or --database dbname Specifies a specific database to search. The default is to search all databases (a "*" from the DICT protocol). Note that a "!" in the DICT protocol means to search all of the databases until a match is found, and then stop searching. -m or --match Instead of printing a definition, perform a match using the specified strategy. -s strategy or --strategy strategy Specify a matching strategy. By default, the server default match strategy is used. This is usually "exact" for definitions, and some form of spelling-correction strategy for matches ("." from the DICT protocol). The available strategies are dependent on the server implementation. For a list of available strategies, see the -S or --strats option. -C or --nocorrect Usually, if a definition is requested and the word cannot be found, spelling correc‐ tion is requested from the server, and a list of possible words are provided. This option disables the generation of this list. -c file or --config file Specify the configuration file. The default is to try ~/.dictrc and /etc/dictd/dict.conf, using the first file that exists. If a specific configuration file is specified, then the defaults will not be tried. -D or --dbs Query the server and display a list of available databases. -S or --strats Query the server and display a list of available search strategies. -H or --serverhelp Query the server and display the help information that it provides. -i dbname or --info dbname Request information on the specified database (usually the server will provide origi‐ nation, descriptive, or other information about the database or its contents). -I or --serverinfo Query the server and display information about the server. -M or --mime Send OPTION MIME command to the server. NOTE: Server's capabilities are not checked. -f or --formatted Enables formatted output, i.e. output convenient for postprocessing by standard UNIX utilities. No, it is not XML ;-) Also error and warning messages like " No matches...", " Invalid strategy..." etc. are sent to stderr, not to stdout. Format: -I, -i, -H and similar: host<TAB>port <SPC><SPC>line1 <SPC><SPC>line2 ... -S: host<TAB>port<TAB>strategy1<TAB>short description1 host<TAB>port<TAB>strategy2<TAB>short description2 ... -D: host<TAB>port<TAB>database1<TAB>database description1 host<TAB>port<TAB>database2<TAB>database description2 ... -m: host<TAB>port<TAB>database1<TAB>match1 host<TAB>port<TAB>database2<TAB>match2 ... -a or --noauth Disable authentication (i.e., don't send an AUTH command). -u user or --user user Specifies the username for authentication. -k key or --key key Specifies the shared secret for authentication. -V or --version Display version information. -L or --license Display copyright and license information. -4 Forces dict to use IPv4 addresses only. -6 Forces dict to use IPv6 addresses only. --help Display help information. -v or --verbose Be verbose. -r or --raw Be very verbose: show the raw client/server interaction. --pipesize Specify the buffer size for pipelineing commands. The default is 256, which should be sufficient for general tasks and be below the MTU for most transport media. Larger values may provide faster or slower throughput, depending on MTU. If the buffer is too small, requests will be serialized. Values less than 0 and greater than one mil‐ lion are silently changed to something more reasonable. --client text Specifies additional text to be sent using the CLIENT command. --debug flag Set a debugging flag. Valid flags are: verbose The same as -v or --verbose. raw The same as -r or --raw. scan Debug the scanner for the configuration file. parse Debug the parser for the configuration file. pipe Debug TCP pipelining support (see the DICT RFC and RFC1854). serial Disable pipelining support. time Perform transaction timing. CONFIGURATION The configuration file currently has a very simple format. Lines are used to specify servers, for example: server dict.org or, with options: server dict.org { port 8080 } server dict.org { user username secret } server dict.org { port dict user username secret } the port and user options may be specified in any order. The port option is used to specify an optional port (e.g., 2628) or service (e.g., dict) for the TCP/IP connection. The user option is used to specify a username and shared secret to be used for authentication to this particular server. Servers are tried in the order listed until a connection is made. EXIT STATUS 0 Successful completion 20 No matches found 21 Approximate matches found 22 No databases available 23 No strategies available 30 Unexpected response code from server 31 Server is temporarily unavailable 32 Server is shutting down 33 Syntax error, command not recognized 34 Syntax error, illegal parameters 35 Command not implemented 36 Command parameter not implemented 37 Access denied 38 Authentication failed 39 Invalid database 40 Invalid strategy 41 Connection to server failed CREDITS dict was written by Rik Faith (faith AT cs.edu) and is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License. If you need to distribute under other terms, write to the au‐ thor. The main libraries used by this programs (zlib, regex, libmaa) are distributed under differ‐ ent terms, so you may be able to use the libraries for applications which are incompatible with the GPL -- please see the copyright notices and license information that come with the libraries for more information, and consult with your attorney to resolve these issues. BUGS If a dict: URL is given on the command line, only the first one is used. The rest are ig‐ nored. If a dict: URL contains a specifier for the nth definition or match of a word, it will be ig‐ nored and all the definitions or matches will be provided. This violates the RFC, and will be corrected in a future release. If a dict: URL contains a shared secret, it will not be parsed correctly. When OPTION MIME command is sent to the server (-M option) , server's capabilities are not checked. FILES ~/.dictrc User's dict configuration file /etc/dictd/dict.conf System dict configuration file SEE ALSO dictd(8), dictzip(1), http://www.dict.org, RFC 2229 15 February 1998 DICT(1)
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