{
    "mode": "man",
    "parameter": "BIBTEXU",
    "section": "",
    "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/BIBTEXU/json",
    "generated": "2026-10-22T12:33:40Z",
    "synopsis": "bibtexu [options] aux-file",
    "sections": {
        "NAME": {
            "content": "bibtexu - UTF-8 Big BibTeX\n",
            "subsections": []
        },
        "SYNOPSIS": {
            "content": "bibtexu [options] aux-file\n",
            "subsections": []
        },
        "DESCRIPTION": {
            "content": "BibTeXu  is  the  Unicode-compliant version of BibTeX.  It is largely based on Niel Kempson's\nBibTeX8, and it provides a better support for UTF-8 by integrating ICU  library.   Therefore,\nBibTeXu  no  longer  requires the Codepage and Sort order (\"CS\") file; instead, the method of\nsorting and case-changing can be controlled via command-line options.\n",
            "subsections": []
        },
        "OPTIONS": {
            "content": "",
            "subsections": [
                {
                    "name": "-?  --help",
                    "content": "display some brief help text.\n",
                    "flag": "-?",
                    "long": "--help"
                },
                {
                    "name": "-d  --debug",
                    "content": "report debugging information.  TYPE is one or more of all, csf, io, mem, misc, search.\n",
                    "flag": "-d",
                    "long": "--debug"
                },
                {
                    "name": "-s  --statistics",
                    "content": "report internal statistics.\n",
                    "flag": "-s",
                    "long": "--statistics"
                },
                {
                    "name": "-t  --trace",
                    "content": "report execution tracing.\n",
                    "flag": "-t",
                    "long": "--trace"
                },
                {
                    "name": "-v  --version",
                    "content": "report BibTeX version.\n",
                    "flag": "-v",
                    "long": "--version"
                },
                {
                    "name": "-l  --language",
                    "content": "use language LANG to convert strings to low case.  This argument is passed to ICU  li‐\nbrary.\n",
                    "flag": "-l",
                    "long": "--language"
                },
                {
                    "name": "-o  --location",
                    "content": "use language LANG for sorting.  This argument is passed to ICU library.\n",
                    "flag": "-o",
                    "long": "--location"
                },
                {
                    "name": "-B  --big",
                    "content": "set large BibTeX capacity.\n",
                    "flag": "-B",
                    "long": "--big"
                },
                {
                    "name": "-H  --huge",
                    "content": "set huge BibTeX capacity.\n",
                    "flag": "-H",
                    "long": "--huge"
                },
                {
                    "name": "-W  --wolfgang",
                    "content": "set really huge BibTeX capacity for Wolfgang.\n",
                    "flag": "-W",
                    "long": "--wolfgang"
                },
                {
                    "name": "-M  --min_crossrefs",
                    "content": "set mincrossrefs to ##.\n\n--mstrings ##\nallow ## unique strings.\n",
                    "flag": "-M",
                    "long": "--min_crossrefs"
                }
            ]
        },
        "UNICODE SUPPORT": {
            "content": "BibTeXu  supports extended features to handle Unicode characters.  Several built-in functions\nin bibliography styles are enhanced as follows.\n\n&      Pops the top two (integer) literals and pushes their bitwise AND.\n\n|      Pops the top two (integer) literals and pushes their bitwise OR.\n",
            "subsections": [
                {
                    "name": "add.period$",
                    "content": "Pops the top (string) literal, adds a `.' to it if the last non`}' character  isn't  a\n`.',  `?',  `!'  or  a Unicode punctuation mark and pushes this resulting string.  The\nmark may be U+203C, U+203D, U+2047, U+2048, U+2049, U+3002, U+FF01, U+FF0E or U+FF1F.\n"
                },
                {
                    "name": "chr.to.int$",
                    "content": "Pops the top (string) literal, makes sure it's a multibyte string of a single  Unicode\ncode  point,  converts  it  to  the  corresponding Unicode scalar value (integer), and\npushes this integer.\n"
                },
                {
                    "name": "int.to.chr$",
                    "content": "Pops the top (integer) literal, interpreted as the Unicode scalar value  of  a  single\ncode  point,  converts  it to the corresponding single character multibyte string, and\npushes this string.\n\nnum.names$, format.name$\nThe function is the  same  as  original  BibTeX  but  an  Ideographic/Fullwidth  Comma\n(U+3001,  U+FF0C)  in addition to an \" and \" string is accepted as a separator between\npersons and Ideographic Space (U+3000) in addition to a space \" \"  is  accepted  as  a\nseparator between a family name and a given name.\n\nsubstring$, text.length$, text.prefix$\nThe function is the same as original BibTeX but the unit of operand numbers is Unicode\ncode point.\n"
                },
                {
                    "name": "change.case$",
                    "content": "The  function  is  the same as original BibTeX but letters of non-english Latin, Greek\nand Cyrillic are supported.\n\nwidth$ The function is the same as original BibTeX but letters of Latin-1 and Latin Extended-\nA and CJK characters are supported.\n"
                },
                {
                    "name": "is.cjk.str$",
                    "content": "Pops the top (string) literal, set flag bits to an integer if CJK characters are found\nin the string, and pushes the resulting integer, otherwise  pushes  0.   Flags  0x001,\n0x002, 0x004, 0x008 and 0x800 are corresponding to Hanzi (Kanji, Hanja), Kana, Hangul,\nBopomofo  and  other CJK characters, respectively.  For example, an integer 0x003 will\nbe pushed if Hanzi and Kana characters are found in a poped string literal.\n"
                },
                {
                    "name": "is.kanji.str$",
                    "content": "Same as is.cjk.str$ for compatibility with (u)pBibTeX.\n"
                }
            ]
        },
        "SEE ALSO": {
            "content": "More detailed description of BibTeXu is available at $TEXMFDIST/doc/bibtexu/README.\n",
            "subsections": []
        },
        "AUTHORS": {
            "content": "BibTeXu was written by Yannis Haralambous and his students.  It is maintained as part of  TeX\nLive.\n\nThis manpage was written for TeX Live.\n\nbibtexu 4.00                               30 August 2022                                 BIBTEXU(1)",
            "subsections": []
        }
    },
    "summary": "bibtexu - UTF-8 Big BibTeX",
    "flags": [
        {
            "flag": "-?",
            "long": "--help",
            "arg": null,
            "description": "display some brief help text."
        },
        {
            "flag": "-d",
            "long": "--debug",
            "arg": null,
            "description": "report debugging information. TYPE is one or more of all, csf, io, mem, misc, search."
        },
        {
            "flag": "-s",
            "long": "--statistics",
            "arg": null,
            "description": "report internal statistics."
        },
        {
            "flag": "-t",
            "long": "--trace",
            "arg": null,
            "description": "report execution tracing."
        },
        {
            "flag": "-v",
            "long": "--version",
            "arg": null,
            "description": "report BibTeX version."
        },
        {
            "flag": "-l",
            "long": "--language",
            "arg": null,
            "description": "use language LANG to convert strings to low case. This argument is passed to ICU li‐ brary."
        },
        {
            "flag": "-o",
            "long": "--location",
            "arg": null,
            "description": "use language LANG for sorting. This argument is passed to ICU library."
        },
        {
            "flag": "-B",
            "long": "--big",
            "arg": null,
            "description": "set large BibTeX capacity."
        },
        {
            "flag": "-H",
            "long": "--huge",
            "arg": null,
            "description": "set huge BibTeX capacity."
        },
        {
            "flag": "-W",
            "long": "--wolfgang",
            "arg": null,
            "description": "set really huge BibTeX capacity for Wolfgang."
        },
        {
            "flag": "-M",
            "long": "--min_crossrefs",
            "arg": null,
            "description": "set mincrossrefs to ##. --mstrings ## allow ## unique strings."
        }
    ],
    "examples": [],
    "see_also": []
}