{
    "mode": "info",
    "parameter": "time",
    "section": "",
    "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/info/time/json",
    "generated": "2026-06-08T16:05:52Z",
    "sections": {
        "Time": {
            "content": "This file documents the the GNU 'time' command for running programs and\nsummarizing the system resources they use.  Version UNKNOWN, updated 25\nMarch 2022\n\n* Menu:\n\n* Resource Measurement::  Measuring program resource use.\n* Reporting bugs::      Sending bug reports and feature suggestions.\n* GNU Free Documentation License:: Copying and sharing this documentation.\n* Concept index::       Index of concepts.\n\nFile: time.info,  Node: Resource Measurement,  Next: Reporting bugs,  Prev: Top,  Up: Top\n",
            "subsections": []
        },
        "1 Measuring Program Resource Use": {
            "content": "The 'time' command runs another program, then displays information about\nthe resources used by that program, collected by the system while the\nprogram was running.  You can select which information is reported and\nthe format in which it is shown (*note Setting Format::), or have 'time'\nsave the information in a file instead of displaying it on the screen\n(*note Redirecting::).\n\nThe resources that 'time' can report on fall into the general\ncategories of time, memory, and I/O and IPC calls.  Some systems do not\nprovide much information about program resource use; 'time' reports\nunavailable information as zero values (*note Accuracy::).\n\nThe format of the 'time' command is:\n\ntime [option...] COMMAND [ARG...]\n\n'time' runs the program COMMAND, with any given arguments ARG....\nWhen COMMAND finishes, 'time' displays information about resources used\nby COMMAND.\n\nHere is an example of using 'time' to measure the time and other\nresources used by running the program 'grep':\n\neg$ time grep nobody /etc/aliases\nnobody:/dev/null\netc-files:nobody\nmisc-group:nobody\n0.07user 0.50system 0:06.69elapsed 8%CPU (0avgtext+489avgdata 324maxresident)k\n46inputs+7outputs (43major+251minor)pagefaults 0swaps\n\nMail suggestions and bug reports for GNU 'time' to\n'bug-time@gnu.org'.  Please include the version of 'time', which you can\nget by running 'time --version', and the operating system and C compiler\nyou used.\n\n* Menu:\n\n* Setting Format::      Selecting the information reported by 'time'.\n* Format String::\tThe information 'time' can report.\n* Redirecting::         Writing the information to a file.\n* Examples::\t\tExamples of using 'time'.\n* Accuracy::\t\tLimitations on the accuracy of 'time' output.\n* Invoking time::\tSummary of the options to the 'time' command.\n\nFile: time.info,  Node: Setting Format,  Next: Format String,  Up: Resource Measurement\n",
            "subsections": [
                {
                    "name": "1.1 Setting the Output Format",
                    "content": "'time' uses a \"format string\" to determine which information to display\nabout the resources used by the command it runs.  *Note Format String::,\nfor the interpretation of the format string contents.\n\nYou can specify a format string with the command line options listed\nbelow.  If no format is specified on the command line, but the 'TIME'\nenvironment variable is set, its value is used as the format string.\nOtherwise, the default format built into 'time' is used:\n\n%Uuser %Ssystem %Eelapsed %PCPU (%Xtext+%Ddata %Mmax)k\n%Iinputs+%Ooutputs (%Fmajor+%Rminor)pagefaults %Wswaps\n\nThe command line options to set the format are:\n\n'-f FORMAT'\n'--format=FORMAT'\nUse FORMAT as the format string.\n\n'-p'\n'--portability'\nUse the following format string:\n\nreal %e\nuser %U\nsys %S\n\nThe default output format of time differs widely between\nimplementations.  This option (in its short form -p) is supported\nby all POSIX-compliant 'time' implementations to retrieve basic\ninformation in the described format.\n\n'-v'\n'--verbose'\nUse the built-in verbose format, which displays each available\npiece of information on the program's resource use on its own line,\nwith an English description of its meaning.\n\nFile: time.info,  Node: Format String,  Next: Redirecting,  Prev: Setting Format,  Up: Resource Measurement\n"
                },
                {
                    "name": "1.2 The Format String",
                    "content": "The \"format string\" controls the contents of the 'time' output.  It\nconsists of \"resource specifiers\" and \"escapes\", interspersed with plain\ntext.\n\nA backslash introduces an \"escape\", which is translated into a single\nprinting character upon output.  The valid escapes are listed below.  An\ninvalid escape is output as a question mark followed by a backslash.\n\n'\\t'\na tab character\n\n'\\n'\na newline\n\n'\\\\'\na literal backslash\n\n'time' always prints a newline after printing the resource use\ninformation, so normally format strings do not end with a newline\ncharacter (or '\\n').\n\nA resource specifier consists of a percent sign followed by another\ncharacter.  An invalid resource specifier is output as a question mark\nfollowed by the invalid character.  Use '%%' to output a literal percent\nsign.\n\nThe resource specifiers, which are a superset of those recognized by\nthe 'tcsh' builtin 'time' command, are listed below.  Not all resources\nare measured by all versions of Unix, so some of the values might be\nreported as zero (*note Accuracy::).\n\n* Menu:\n\n* Time Resources::\n* Memory Resources::\n* I/O Resources::\n* Command Info::\n\nFile: time.info,  Node: Time Resources,  Next: Memory Resources,  Up: Format String\n\n\n'E'\nElapsed real (wall clock) time used by the process, in\n[hours:]minutes:seconds.\n\n'e'\nElapsed real (wall clock) time used by the process, in seconds.\n\n'S'\nTotal number of CPU-seconds used by the system on behalf of the\nprocess (in kernel mode), in seconds.\n\n'U'\nTotal number of CPU-seconds that the process used directly (in user\nmode), in seconds.\n\n'P'\nPercentage of the CPU that this job got.  This is just user +\nsystem times divied by the total running time.\n\nFile: time.info,  Node: Memory Resources,  Next: I/O Resources,  Prev: Time Resources,  Up: Format String\n\n\n'M'\nMaximum resident set size of the process during its lifetime, in\nKilobytes.\n\n't'\nAverage resident set size of the process, in Kilobytes.\n\n'K'\nAverage total (data+stack+text) memory use of the process, in\nKilobytes.\n\n'D'\nAverage size of the process's unshared data area, in Kilobytes.\n\n'p'\nAverage size of the process's unshared stack, in Kilobytes.\n\n'X'\nAverage size of the process's shared text, in Kilobytes.\n\n'Z'\nSystem's page size, in bytes.  This is a per-system constant, but\nvaries between systems.\n\nFile: time.info,  Node: I/O Resources,  Next: Command Info,  Prev: Memory Resources,  Up: Format String\n\n\n'F'\nNumber of major, or I/O-requiring, page faults that occurred while\nthe process was running.  These are faults where the page has\nactually migrated out of primary memory.\n\n'R'\nNumber of minor, or recoverable, page faults.  These are pages that\nare not valid (so they fault) but which have not yet been claimed\nby other virtual pages.  Thus the data in the page is still valid\nbut the system tables must be updated.\n\n'W'\nNumber of times the process was swapped out of main memory.\n\n'c'\nNumber of times the process was context-switched involuntarily\n(because the time slice expired).\n\n'w'\nNumber of times that the program was context-switched voluntarily,\nfor instance while waiting for an I/O operation to complete.\n\n'I'\nNumber of file system inputs by the process.\n\n'O'\nNumber of file system outputs by the process.\n\n'r'\nNumber of socket messages received by the process.\n\n's'\nNumber of socket messages sent by the process.\n\n'k'\nNumber of signals delivered to the process.\n\nFile: time.info,  Node: Command Info,  Prev: I/O Resources,  Up: Format String\n\n\n'C'\nName and command line arguments of the command being timed.\n\n'x'\nExit status of the command.\n\nFile: time.info,  Node: Redirecting,  Next: Examples,  Prev: Format String,  Up: Resource Measurement\n"
                },
                {
                    "name": "1.3 Redirecting Output",
                    "content": "By default, 'time' writes the resource use statistics to the standard\nerror stream.  The options below make it write the statistics to a file\ninstead.  Doing this can be useful if the program you're running writes\nto the standard error or you're running 'time' noninteractively or in\nthe background.\n\n'-o FILE'\n'--output=FILE'\nWrite the resource use statistics to FILE.  By default, this\noverwrites the file, destroying the file's previous contents.\n\n'-a'\n'--append'\nAppend the resource use information to the output file instead of\noverwriting it.  This option is only useful with the '-o' or\n'--output' option.\n\nFile: time.info,  Node: Examples,  Next: Accuracy,  Prev: Redirecting,  Up: Resource Measurement\n"
                },
                {
                    "name": "1.4 Examples",
                    "content": "Run the command 'wc /etc/hosts' and show the default information:\n\neg$ time wc /etc/hosts\n35     111    1134 /etc/hosts\n0.00user 0.01system 0:00.04elapsed 25%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 0maxresident)k\n1inputs+1outputs (0major+0minor)pagefaults 0swaps\n\nRun the command 'ls -Fs' and show just the user, system, and wall-clock\ntime:\n\neg$ time -f \"\\t%E real,\\t%U user,\\t%S sys\" ls -Fs\ntotal 16\n1 account/      1 db/           1 mail/         1 run/\n1 backups/      1 emacs/        1 msgs/         1 rwho/\n1 crash/        1 games/        1 preserve/     1 spool/\n1 cron/         1 log/          1 quotas/       1 tmp/\n0:00.03 real,   0.00 user,      0.01 sys\n\nEdit the file '.bashrc' and have 'time' append the elapsed time and\nnumber of signals to the file 'log', reading the format string from the\nenvironment variable 'TIME':\n\neg$ export TIME=\"\\t%E,\\t%k\" # If using bash or ksh\neg$ setenv TIME \"\\t%E,\\t%k\" # If using csh or tcsh\neg$ time -a -o log emacs .bashrc\neg$ cat log\n0:16.55,        726\n\nRun the command 'sleep 4' and show all of the information about it\nverbosely:\n\neg$ time -v sleep 4\nCommand being timed: \"sleep 4\"\nUser time (seconds): 0.00\nSystem time (seconds): 0.05\nPercent of CPU this job got: 1%\nElapsed (wall clock) time (h:mm:ss or m:ss): 0:04.26\nAverage shared text size (kbytes): 36\nAverage unshared data size (kbytes): 24\nAverage stack size (kbytes): 0\nAverage total size (kbytes): 60\nMaximum resident set size (kbytes): 32\nAverage resident set size (kbytes): 24\nMajor (requiring I/O) page faults: 3\nMinor (reclaiming a frame) page faults: 0\nVoluntary context switches: 11\nInvoluntary context switches: 0\nSwaps: 0\nFile system inputs: 3\nFile system outputs: 1\nSocket messages sent: 0\nSocket messages received: 0\nSignals delivered: 1\nPage size (bytes): 4096\nExit status: 0\n\nFile: time.info,  Node: Accuracy,  Next: Invoking time,  Prev: Examples,  Up: Resource Measurement\n"
                },
                {
                    "name": "1.5 Accuracy",
                    "content": "The elapsed time is not collected atomically with the execution of the\nprogram; as a result, in bizarre circumstances (if the 'time' command\ngets stopped or swapped out in between when the program being timed\nexits and when 'time' calculates how long it took to run), it could be\nmuch larger than the actual execution time.\n\nWhen the running time of a command is very nearly zero, some values\n(e.g., the percentage of CPU used) may be reported as either zero (which\nis wrong) or a question mark.\n\nMost information shown by 'time' is derived from the 'wait3' system\ncall.  The numbers are only as good as those returned by 'wait3'.  Many\nsystems do not measure all of the resources that 'time' can report on;\nthose resources are reported as zero.  The systems that measure most or\nall of the resources are based on 4.2 or 4.3BSD. Later BSD releases use\ndifferent memory management code that measures fewer resources.\n\nOn systems that do not have a 'wait3' call that returns status\ninformation, the 'times' system call is used instead.  It provides much\nless information than 'wait3', so on those systems 'time' reports most\nof the resources as zero.\n\nThe '%I' and '%O' values are allegedly only \"real\" input and output\nand do not include those supplied by caching devices.  The meaning of\n\"real\" I/O reported by '%I' and '%O' may be muddled for workstations,\nespecially diskless ones.\n\nFile: time.info,  Node: Invoking time,  Prev: Accuracy,  Up: Resource Measurement\n"
                },
                {
                    "name": "1.6 Running the 'time' Command",
                    "content": "The format of the 'time' command is:\n\ntime [option...] COMMAND [ARG...]\n\n'time' runs the program COMMAND, with any given arguments ARG....\nWhen COMMAND finishes, 'time' displays information about resources used\nby COMMAND (on the standard error output, by default).  If COMMAND exits\nwith non-zero status or is terminated by a signal, 'time' displays a\nwarning message and the exit status or signal number.\n\nOptions to 'time' must appear on the command line before COMMAND.\nAnything on the command line after COMMAND is passed as arguments to\nCOMMAND.\n\n'-o FILE'\n'--output=FILE'\nWrite the resource use statistics to FILE.\n\n'-a'\n'--append'\nAppend the resource use information to the output file instead of\noverwriting it.\n\n'-f FORMAT'\n'--format=FORMAT'\nUse FORMAT as the format string.\n\n'--help'\nPrint a summary of the command line options to 'time' and exit.\n\n'-p'\n'--portability'\nUse the POSIX format.\n\n'-v'\n'--verbose'\nUse the built-in verbose format.\n\n'-V'\n'--version'\nPrint the version number of 'time' and exit.\n\nFile: time.info,  Node: Reporting bugs,  Next: GNU Free Documentation License,  Prev: Resource Measurement,  Up: Top\n"
                }
            ]
        },
        "2 Reporting bugs": {
            "content": "To report bugs, suggest enhancements or otherwise discuss GNU Datamash,\nplease send electronic mail to <bug-time.org>.\n\nFor bug reports, please include enough information for the\nmaintainers to reproduce the problem.  Generally speaking, that means:\n\n* The version numbers of Datamash (which you can find by running\n'time --version') and any other program(s) or manual(s) involved.\n* Hardware and operating system names and versions.\n* The contents of any input files necessary to reproduce the bug.\n* The expected behavior and/or output.\n* A description of the problem and samples of any erroneous output.\n* Options you gave to 'configure' other than specifying installation\ndirectories.\n* Anything else that you think would be helpful.\n\nWhen in doubt whether something is needed or not, include it.  It's\nbetter to include too much than to leave out something important.\n\nPatches are welcome; if possible, please make them with 'diff -c'\n(*note Overview: (diff)Top.) and include 'ChangeLog' entries (*note\n(emacs)Change Log::).  Please follow the existing coding style.\n\nFile: time.info,  Node: GNU Free Documentation License,  Next: Concept index,  Prev: Reporting bugs,  Up: Top\n",
            "subsections": []
        },
        "Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License": {
            "content": "Version 1.3, 3 November 2008\n\nCopyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.\n<https://fsf.org/>\n\nEveryone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies\nof this license document, but changing it is not allowed.\n\n0. PREAMBLE\n\nThe purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other\nfunctional and useful document \"free\" in the sense of freedom: to\nassure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,\nwith or without modifying it, either commercially or\nnoncommercially.  Secondarily, this License preserves for the\nauthor and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not\nbeing considered responsible for modifications made by others.\n\nThis License is a kind of \"copyleft\", which means that derivative\nworks of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.\nIt complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft\nlicense designed for free software.\n\nWe have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for\nfree software, because free software needs free documentation: a\nfree program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms\nthat the software does.  But this License is not limited to\nsoftware manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless\nof subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.  We\nrecommend this License principally for works whose purpose is\ninstruction or reference.\n\n1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS\n\nThis License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,\nthat contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can\nbe distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice\ngrants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,\nto use that work under the conditions stated herein.  The\n\"Document\", below, refers to any such manual or work.  Any member\nof the public is a licensee, and is addressed as \"you\".  You accept\nthe license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way\nrequiring permission under copyright law.\n\nA \"Modified Version\" of the Document means any work containing the\nDocument or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with\nmodifications and/or translated into another language.\n\nA \"Secondary Section\" is a named appendix or a front-matter section\nof the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the\npublishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall\nsubject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could\nfall directly within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document\nis in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not\nexplain any mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of\nhistorical connection with the subject or with related matters, or\nof legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position\nregarding them.\n\nThe \"Invariant Sections\" are certain Secondary Sections whose\ntitles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the\nnotice that says that the Document is released under this License.\nIf a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it\nis not allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may\ncontain zero Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify\nany Invariant Sections then there are none.\n\nThe \"Cover Texts\" are certain short passages of text that are\nlisted, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice\nthat says that the Document is released under this License.  A\nFront-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may\nbe at most 25 words.\n\nA \"Transparent\" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,\nrepresented in a format whose specification is available to the\ngeneral public, that is suitable for revising the document\nstraightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed\nof pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely\navailable drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text\nformatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats\nsuitable for input to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise\nTransparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has\nbeen arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by\nreaders is not Transparent.  An image format is not Transparent if\nused for any substantial amount of text.  A copy that is not\n\"Transparent\" is called \"Opaque\".\n\nExamples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain\nASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,\nSGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming\nsimple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.\nExamples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.\nOpaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and\nedited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which\nthe DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and\nthe machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word\nprocessors for output purposes only.\n\nThe \"Title Page\" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,\nplus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the\nmaterial this License requires to appear in the title page.  For\nworks in formats which do not have any title page as such, \"Title\nPage\" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the\nwork's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.\n\nThe \"publisher\" means any person or entity that distributes copies\nof the Document to the public.\n\nA section \"Entitled XYZ\" means a named subunit of the Document\nwhose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses\nfollowing text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ\nstands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as\n\"Acknowledgements\", \"Dedications\", \"Endorsements\", or \"History\".)\nTo \"Preserve the Title\" of such a section when you modify the\nDocument means that it remains a section \"Entitled XYZ\" according\nto this definition.\n\nThe Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice\nwhich states that this License applies to the Document.  These\nWarranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in\nthis License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other\nimplication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and\nhas no effect on the meaning of this License.\n\n2. VERBATIM COPYING\n\nYou may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either\ncommercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the\ncopyright notices, and the license notice saying this License\napplies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you\nadd no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You\nmay not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading\nor further copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However,\nyou may accept compensation in exchange for copies.  If you\ndistribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the\nconditions in section 3.\n\nYou may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,\nand you may publicly display copies.\n\n3. COPYING IN QUANTITY\n\nIf you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly\nhave printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and\nthe Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must\nenclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all\nthese Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and\nBack-Cover Texts on the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly\nand legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies.  The\nfront cover must present the full title with all words of the title\nequally prominent and visible.  You may add other material on the\ncovers in addition.  Copying with changes limited to the covers, as\nlong as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these\nconditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.\n\nIf the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit\nlegibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit\nreasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto\nadjacent pages.\n\nIf you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document\nnumbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable\nTransparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with\neach Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general\nnetwork-using public has access to download using public-standard\nnetwork protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free\nof added material.  If you use the latter option, you must take\nreasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque\ncopies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will\nremain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one\nyear after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or\nthrough your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.\n\nIt is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of\nthe Document well before redistributing any large number of copies,\nto give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the\nDocument.\n\n4. MODIFICATIONS\n\nYou may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document\nunder the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you\nrelease the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the\nModified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing\ndistribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever\npossesses a copy of it.  In addition, you must do these things in\nthe Modified Version:\n\nA. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title\ndistinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous\nversions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the\nHistory section of the Document).  You may use the same title\nas a previous version if the original publisher of that\nversion gives permission.\n\nB. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or\nentities responsible for authorship of the modifications in\nthe Modified Version, together with at least five of the\nprincipal authors of the Document (all of its principal\nauthors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you\nfrom this requirement.\n\nC. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the\nModified Version, as the publisher.\n\nD. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.\n\nE. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications\nadjacent to the other copyright notices.\n\nF. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license\nnotice giving the public permission to use the Modified\nVersion under the terms of this License, in the form shown in\nthe Addendum below.\n\nG. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant\nSections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's\nlicense notice.\n\nH. Include an unaltered copy of this License.\n\nI. Preserve the section Entitled \"History\", Preserve its Title,\nand add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new\nauthors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the\nTitle Page.  If there is no section Entitled \"History\" in the\nDocument, create one stating the title, year, authors, and\npublisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add\nan item describing the Modified Version as stated in the\nprevious sentence.\n\nJ. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document\nfor public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and\nlikewise the network locations given in the Document for\nprevious versions it was based on.  These may be placed in the\n\"History\" section.  You may omit a network location for a work\nthat was published at least four years before the Document\nitself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers\nto gives permission.\n\nK. For any section Entitled \"Acknowledgements\" or \"Dedications\",\nPreserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section\nall the substance and tone of each of the contributor\nacknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.\n\nL. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered\nin their text and in their titles.  Section numbers or the\nequivalent are not considered part of the section titles.\n\nM. Delete any section Entitled \"Endorsements\".  Such a section\nmay not be included in the Modified Version.\n\nN. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled\n\"Endorsements\" or to conflict in title with any Invariant\nSection.\n\nO. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.\n\nIf the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or\nappendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no\nmaterial copied from the Document, you may at your option designate\nsome or all of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their\ntitles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's\nlicense notice.  These titles must be distinct from any other\nsection titles.\n\nYou may add a section Entitled \"Endorsements\", provided it contains\nnothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various\nparties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text\nhas been approved by an organization as the authoritative\ndefinition of a standard.\n\nYou may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,\nand a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of\nthe list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage\nof Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or\nthrough arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document\nalready includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added\nby you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on\nbehalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old\none, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added\nthe old one.\n\nThe author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this\nLicense give permission to use their names for publicity for or to\nassert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.\n\n5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS\n\nYou may combine the Document with other documents released under\nthis License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for\nmodified versions, provided that you include in the combination all\nof the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,\nunmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your\ncombined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all\ntheir Warranty Disclaimers.\n\nThe combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and\nmultiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single\ncopy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name\nbut different contents, make the title of each such section unique\nby adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the\noriginal author or publisher of that section if known, or else a\nunique number.  Make the same adjustment to the section titles in\nthe list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the\ncombined work.\n\nIn the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled\n\"History\" in the various original documents, forming one section\nEntitled \"History\"; likewise combine any sections Entitled\n\"Acknowledgements\", and any sections Entitled \"Dedications\".  You\nmust delete all sections Entitled \"Endorsements.\"\n\n6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS\n\nYou may make a collection consisting of the Document and other\ndocuments released under this License, and replace the individual\ncopies of this License in the various documents with a single copy\nthat is included in the collection, provided that you follow the\nrules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents\nin all other respects.\n\nYou may extract a single document from such a collection, and\ndistribute it individually under this License, provided you insert\na copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this\nLicense in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that\ndocument.\n\n7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS\n\nA compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other\nseparate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a\nstorage or distribution medium, is called an \"aggregate\" if the\ncopyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the\nlegal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual\nworks permit.  When the Document is included in an aggregate, this\nLicense does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which\nare not themselves derivative works of the Document.\n\nIf the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these\ncopies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half\nof the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed\non covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the\nelectronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic\nform.  Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket\nthe whole aggregate.\n\n8. TRANSLATION\n\nTranslation is considered a kind of modification, so you may\ndistribute translations of the Document under the terms of section\n4.  Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special\npermission from their copyright holders, but you may include\ntranslations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the\noriginal versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a\ntranslation of this License, and all the license notices in the\nDocument, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also\ninclude the original English version of this License and the\noriginal versions of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a\ndisagreement between the translation and the original version of\nthis License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will\nprevail.\n\nIf a section in the Document is Entitled \"Acknowledgements\",\n\"Dedications\", or \"History\", the requirement (section 4) to\nPreserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the\nactual title.\n\n9. TERMINATION\n\nYou may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document\nexcept as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt\notherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void,\nand will automatically terminate your rights under this License.\n\nHowever, if you cease all violation of this License, then your\nlicense from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)\nprovisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and\nfinally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the\ncopyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some\nreasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.\n\nMoreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is\nreinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the\nviolation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have\nreceived notice of violation of this License (for any work) from\nthat copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days\nafter your receipt of the notice.\n\nTermination of your rights under this section does not terminate\nthe licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you\nunder this License.  If your rights have been terminated and not\npermanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the\nsame material does not give you any rights to use it.\n\n10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE\n\nThe Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of\nthe GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new\nversions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may\ndiffer in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See\n<https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/>.\n\nEach version of the License is given a distinguishing version\nnumber.  If the Document specifies that a particular numbered\nversion of this License \"or any later version\" applies to it, you\nhave the option of following the terms and conditions either of\nthat specified version or of any later version that has been\npublished (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.  If the\nDocument does not specify a version number of this License, you may\nchoose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free\nSoftware Foundation.  If the Document specifies that a proxy can\ndecide which future versions of this License can be used, that\nproxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently\nauthorizes you to choose that version for the Document.\n\n11. RELICENSING\n\n\"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site\" (or \"MMC Site\") means any\nWorld Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also\nprovides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works.  A\npublic wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.\nA \"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration\" (or \"MMC\") contained in the\nsite means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC\nsite.\n\n\"CC-BY-SA\" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0\nlicense published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit\ncorporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,\nCalifornia, as well as future copyleft versions of that license\npublished by that same organization.\n\n\"Incorporate\" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or\nin part, as part of another Document.\n\nAn MMC is \"eligible for relicensing\" if it is licensed under this\nLicense, and if all works that were first published under this\nLicense somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently\nincorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover\ntexts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior\nto November 1, 2008.\n\nThe operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the\nsite under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,\n2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.\n",
            "subsections": [
                {
                    "name": "ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents",
                    "content": "To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of\nthe License in the document and put the following copyright and license\nnotices just after the title page:\n\nCopyright (C)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.\nPermission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document\nunder the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3\nor any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;\nwith no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover\nTexts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU\nFree Documentation License''.\n\nIf you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover\nTexts, replace the \"with...Texts.\" line with this:\n\nwith the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with\nthe Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts\nbeing LIST.\n\nIf you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other\ncombination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the\nsituation.\n\nIf your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we\nrecommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free\nsoftware license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit\ntheir use in free software.\n\nFile: time.info,  Node: Concept index,  Prev: GNU Free Documentation License,  Up: Top\n"
                }
            ]
        },
        "Concept index": {
            "content": "* Menu:\n\n* bug reporting:                         Reporting bugs.       (line  6)\n* checklist for bug reports:             Reporting bugs.       (line  9)\n* format:                                Setting Format.       (line 39)\n* format <1>:                            Format String.        (line  6)\n* format <2>:                            Invoking time.        (line 42)\n* patches, contributing:                 Reporting bugs.       (line 25)\n* problems:                              Reporting bugs.       (line  6)\n* reporting bugs:                        Reporting bugs.       (line  6)\n* version number:                        Invoking time.        (line 46)\n\n",
            "subsections": []
        }
    },
    "flags": [],
    "examples": [],
    "see_also": []
}