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            "text": "# standards (info)\n\n## NAME\n\nstandards - C and UNIX Standards\n\n## DESCRIPTION\n\nThe  CONFORMING TO section that appears in many manual pages identifies\nvarious standards to which the documented interface conforms.  The fol-\nlowing list briefly describes these standards.\n\n## Sections\n\n- **NAME**\n- **DESCRIPTION**\n- **SEE ALSO**\n- **COLOPHON**\n\nUse structuredContent.sections for detailed options, examples, and full documentation.\n"
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        "summary": "standards - C and UNIX Standards",
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            {
                "name": "getconf",
                "section": "1",
                "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/getconf/1/json"
            },
            {
                "name": "confstr",
                "section": "3",
                "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/confstr/3/json"
            },
            {
                "name": "pathconf",
                "section": "3",
                "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/pathconf/3/json"
            },
            {
                "name": "sysconf",
                "section": "3",
                "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/sysconf/3/json"
            },
            {
                "name": "attributes",
                "section": "7",
                "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/attributes/7/json"
            },
            {
                "name": "turetestmacros",
                "section": "7",
                "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/turetestmacros/7/json"
            },
            {
                "name": "libc",
                "section": "7",
                "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/libc/7/json"
            },
            {
                "name": "posixoptions",
                "section": "7",
                "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/posixoptions/7/json"
            },
            {
                "name": "systemdatatypes",
                "section": "7",
                "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/systemdatatypes/7/json"
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                "name": "DESCRIPTION",
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            {
                "name": "COLOPHON",
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                "subsections": []
            }
        ],
        "sections": {
            "NAME": {
                "content": "standards - C and UNIX Standards\n",
                "subsections": []
            },
            "DESCRIPTION": {
                "content": "The  CONFORMING TO section that appears in many manual pages identifies\nvarious standards to which the documented interface conforms.  The fol-\nlowing list briefly describes these standards.\n\nV7     Version  7  (also  known  as  Seventh Edition) UNIX, released by\nAT&T/Bell Labs in 1979.  After this point, UNIX systems diverged\ninto two main dialects: BSD and System V.\n\n4.2BSD This is an implementation standard defined by the 4.2 release of\nthe Berkeley Software Distribution, released by  the  University\nof  California at Berkeley.  This was the first Berkeley release\nthat contained a TCP/IP stack and the sockets API.   4.2BSD  was\nreleased in 1983.\n\nEarlier  major  BSD  releases included 3BSD (1980), 4BSD (1980),\nand 4.1BSD (1981).\n\n4.3BSD The successor to 4.2BSD, released in 1986.\n\n4.4BSD The successor to 4.3BSD, released in 1993.  This  was  the  last\nmajor Berkeley release.\n\nSystem V\nThis  is  an implementation standard defined by AT&T's milestone\n1983 release of its commercial System  V  (five)  release.   The\nprevious major AT&T release was System III, released in 1981.\n\nSystem V release 2 (SVr2)\nThis  was the next System V release, made in 1985.  The SVr2 was\nformally described in the System V Interface Definition  version\n1 (SVID 1) published in 1985.\n\nSystem V release 3 (SVr3)\nThis  was the successor to SVr2, released in 1986.  This release\nwas formally described in the System V Interface Definition ver-\nsion 2 (SVID 2).\n\nSystem V release 4 (SVr4)\nThis  was the successor to SVr3, released in 1989.  This version\nof System V is described in the \"Programmer's Reference  Manual:\nOperating  System  API  (Intel processors)\" (Prentice-Hall 1992,\nISBN 0-13-951294-2) This release was formally described  in  the\nSystem V Interface Definition version 3 (SVID 3), and is consid-\nered the definitive System V release.\n\nSVID 4 System V Interface Definition version 4, issued in 1995.  Avail-\nable online at <http://www.sco.com/developers/devspecs/>.\n\nC89    This was the first C language standard, ratified by ANSI (Ameri-\ncan National Standards Institute) in 1989 (X3.159-1989).   Some-\ntimes  this  is  known  as ANSI C, but since C99 is also an ANSI\nstandard, this term is ambiguous.  This standard was also  rati-\nfied  by  ISO  (International  Standards  Organization)  in 1990\n(ISO/IEC 9899:1990), and is thus occasionally referred to as ISO\nC90.\n\nC99    This  revision of the C language standard was ratified by ISO in\n1999    (ISO/IEC    9899:1999).      Available     online     at\n<http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards>.\n\nC11    This  revision of the C language standard was ratified by ISO in\n2011 (ISO/IEC 9899:2011).\n\nLFS The Large File  Summit  specification,  completed  in  1996.\nThis  specification  defined mechanisms that allowed 32-bit sys-\ntems to support the use of large files (i.e., 64-bit  file  off-\nsets).  See <https://www.opengroup.org/platform/lfs.html>.\n\nPOSIX.1-1988\nThis  was the first POSIX standard, ratified by IEEE as IEEE Std\n1003.1-1988, and subsequently adopted (with minor revisions)  as\nan ISO standard in 1990.  The term \"POSIX\" was coined by Richard\nStallman.\n\nPOSIX.1-1990\n\"Portable Operating  System  Interface  for  Computing  Environ-\nments\".   IEEE  1003.1-1990  part  1,  ratified  by  ISO in 1990\n(ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990).\n\nPOSIX.2\nIEEE Std 1003.2-1992, describing commands and  utilities,  rati-\nfied by ISO in 1993 (ISO/IEC 9945-2:1993).\n\nPOSIX.1b (formerly known as POSIX.4)\nIEEE  Std 1003.1b-1993, describing real-time facilities for por-\ntable operating  systems,  ratified  by  ISO  in  1996  (ISO/IEC\n9945-1:1996).\n\nPOSIX.1c  (formerly known as POSIX.4a)\nIEEE  Std 1003.1c-1995, which describes the POSIX threads inter-\nfaces.\n\nPOSIX.1d\nIEEE Std 1003.1c-1999, which describes additional real-time  ex-\ntensions.\n\nPOSIX.1g\nIEEE  Std 1003.1g-2000, which describes networking APIs (includ-\ning sockets).\n\nPOSIX.1j\nIEEE Std 1003.1j-2000, which describes advanced real-time exten-\nsions.\n\nPOSIX.1-1996\nA  1996  revision  of  POSIX.1  which  incorporated POSIX.1b and\nPOSIX.1c.\n\nXPG3   Released in 1989, this was  the  first  release  of  the  X/Open\nPortability   Guide   to   be   based   on   a   POSIX  standard\n(POSIX.1-1988).  This multivolume guide  was  developed  by  the\nX/Open Group, a multivendor consortium.\n\nXPG4   A  revision  of  the X/Open Portability Guide, released in 1992.\nThis revision incorporated POSIX.2.\n\nXPG4v2 A 1994 revision of XPG4.  This is also referred to as Spec 1170,\nwhere  1170 referred to the number of interfaces defined by this\nstandard.\n\nSUS (SUSv1)\nSingle UNIX Specification.  This was a repackaging of XPG4v2 and\nother  X/Open standards (X/Open Curses Issue 4 version 2, X/Open\nNetworking Service (XNS) Issue 4).  Systems conforming  to  this\nstandard can be branded UNIX 95.\n\nSUSv2  Single UNIX Specification version 2.  Sometimes also referred to\n(incorrectly) as XPG5.  This standard appeared in 1997.  Systems\nconforming  to  this  standard can be branded UNIX 98.  See also\n<http://www.unix.org/version2/>.)\n\nPOSIX.1-2001, SUSv3\nThis was a 2001  revision  and  consolidation  of  the  POSIX.1,\nPOSIX.2, and SUS standards into a single document, conducted un-\nder the auspices of the Austin  Group  <http://www.opengroup.org\n/austin/>.     The    standard    is    available    online   at\n<http://www.unix.org/version3/>.\n\nThe standard defines two levels of  conformance:  POSIX  confor-\nmance,  which is a baseline set of interfaces required of a con-\nforming system; and XSI Conformance, which additionally mandates\na  set  of  interfaces  (the \"XSI extension\") which are only op-\ntional for POSIX conformance.   XSI-conformant  systems  can  be\nbranded UNIX 03.\n\nThe POSIX.1-2001 document is broken into four parts:\n\nXBD:  Definitions,  terms  and  concepts, header file specifica-\ntions.\n\nXSH: Specifications of functions (i.e., system calls and library\nfunctions in actual implementations).\n\nXCU:  Specifications  of  commands and utilities (i.e., the area\nformerly described by POSIX.2).\n\nXRAT: Informative text on the other parts of the standard.\n\nPOSIX.1-2001 is aligned with C99, so that  all  of  the  library\nfunctions   standardized   in   C99  are  also  standardized  in\nPOSIX.1-2001.\n\nThe Single UNIX Specification version 3  (SUSv3)  comprises  the\nBase Specifications containing XBD, XSH, XCU, and XRAT as above,\nplus X/Open Curses Issue 4 version 2 as an extra volume that  is\nnot in POSIX.1-2001.\n\nTwo  Technical  Corrigenda (minor fixes and improvements) of the\noriginal 2001 standard have occurred: TC1 in  2003  and  TC2  in\n2004.\n\nPOSIX.1-2008, SUSv4\nWork on the next revision of POSIX.1/SUS was completed and rati-\nfied  in  2008.    The   standard   is   available   online   at\n<http://www.unix.org/version4/>.\n\nThe  changes in this revision are not as large as those that oc-\ncurred for POSIX.1-2001/SUSv3, but a number  of  new  interfaces\nare  added  and  various  details of existing specifications are\nmodified.   Many  of  the  interfaces  that  were  optional   in\nPOSIX.1-2001  become mandatory in the 2008 revision of the stan-\ndard.  A few interfaces that are  present  in  POSIX.1-2001  are\nmarked as obsolete in POSIX.1-2008, or removed from the standard\naltogether.\n\nThe revised standard is structured in the same way as its prede-\ncessor.   The  Single  UNIX Specification version 4 (SUSv4) com-\nprises the Base Specifications containing  XBD,  XSH,  XCU,  and\nXRAT,  plus X/Open Curses Issue 7 as an extra volume that is not\nin POSIX.1-2008.\n\nAgain there are two levels of conformance:  the  baseline  POSIX\nConformance,  and  XSI Conformance, which mandates an additional\nset of interfaces beyond those in the base specification.\n\nIn general, where the CONFORMING TO section  of  a  manual  page\nlists  POSIX.1-2001,  it  can be assumed that the interface also\nconforms to POSIX.1-2008, unless otherwise noted.\n\nTechnical Corrigendum 1 (minor fixes and improvements)  of  this\nstandard was released in 2013.\n\nTechnical Corrigendum 2 of this standard was released in 2016.\n\nFurther  information  can be found on the Austin Group web site,\n<http://www.opengroup.org/austin/>.\n\nSUSv4 2016 edition\nThis is equivalent to POSIX.1-2008, with the addition of Techni-\ncal Corrigenda 1 and 2 and the XCurses specification.\n\nPOSIX.1-2017\nThis  revision of POSIX is technically identical to POSIX.1-2008\nwith Technical Corrigenda 1 and 2 applied.\n\nSUSv4 2018 edition\nThis is equivalent to POSIX.1-2017, with  the  addition  of  the\nXCurses specification.\n\nThe  interfaces documented in POSIX.1/SUS are available as manual pages\nunder sections 0p (header files), 1p (commands),  and  3p  (functions);\nthus one can write \"man 3p open\".\n",
                "subsections": []
            },
            "SEE ALSO": {
                "content": "getconf(1),  confstr(3),  pathconf(3),  sysconf(3), attributes(7), fea-\nturetestmacros(7), libc(7), posixoptions(7), systemdatatypes(7)\n",
                "subsections": []
            },
            "COLOPHON": {
                "content": "This page is part of release 5.10 of the Linux  man-pages  project.   A\ndescription  of  the project, information about reporting bugs, and the\nlatest    version    of    this    page,    can     be     found     at\nhttps://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.\n\nLinux                             2020-11-01                      STANDARDS(7)",
                "subsections": []
            }
        }
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}