{
    "content": [
        {
            "type": "text",
            "text": "# refer (info)\n\n## NAME\n\nrefer - preprocess bibliographic references for groff\n\n## SYNOPSIS\n\nrefer [-benCPRS] [-a n] [-c fields] [-f n] [-i fields] [-k field]\n[-l m,n] [-p filename] [-s fields] [-t n] -B field.macro [file\n...]\nrefer --help\nrefer -v\nrefer --version\n\n## DESCRIPTION\n\nThis  file  documents  the  GNU  version of refer, which is part of the\ngroff document formatting system.  refer copies the contents  of  file-\nname... to the standard output, except that lines between .[ and .] are\ninterpreted as citations, and lines between .R1 and .R2 are interpreted\nas commands about how citations are to be processed.\n\n## Sections\n\n- **NAME**\n- **SYNOPSIS**\n- **DESCRIPTION**\n- **OPTIONS** (4 subsections)\n- **USAGE**\n- **FILES**\n- **ENVIRONMENT**\n- **SEE ALSO**\n- **BUGS**\n\nUse structuredContent.sections for detailed options, examples, and full documentation.\n"
        }
    ],
    "structuredContent": {
        "command": "refer",
        "section": "",
        "mode": "info",
        "summary": "refer - preprocess bibliographic references for groff",
        "synopsis": "refer [-benCPRS] [-a n] [-c fields] [-f n] [-i fields] [-k field]\n[-l m,n] [-p filename] [-s fields] [-t n] -B field.macro [file\n...]\nrefer --help\nrefer -v\nrefer --version",
        "tldr_summary": null,
        "tldr_examples": [],
        "tldr_source": null,
        "flags": [
            {
                "flag": "",
                "long": null,
                "arg": null,
                "description": "capitalize fields -fn label %n"
            },
            {
                "flag": "",
                "long": null,
                "arg": null,
                "description": "search-ignore fields -k label L~%a"
            },
            {
                "flag": "",
                "long": null,
                "arg": null,
                "description": "label field~%a -l label A.nD.y%a -lm label A.n+mD.y%a -l,n label A.nD.y-n%a -lm,n label A.n+mD.y-n%a"
            },
            {
                "flag": "",
                "long": null,
                "arg": null,
                "description": "database filename -sspec sort spec -tn search-truncate n These options are equivalent to the following commands with the addi- tion that the filenames specified on the command line are processed as if they were arguments to the bibliography command instead of in the normal way: -B annotate X AP; no-label-in-reference -Bfield.macro annotate field macro; no-label-in-reference The following options have no equivalent commands: -v Print the version number. -R Don't recognize lines beginning with .R1/.R2."
            }
        ],
        "examples": [],
        "see_also": [
            {
                "name": "indxbib",
                "section": "1",
                "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/indxbib/1/json"
            },
            {
                "name": "lookbib",
                "section": "1",
                "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/lookbib/1/json"
            },
            {
                "name": "lkbib",
                "section": "1",
                "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/lkbib/1/json"
            }
        ],
        "section_outline": [
            {
                "name": "NAME",
                "lines": 2,
                "subsections": []
            },
            {
                "name": "SYNOPSIS",
                "lines": 9,
                "subsections": []
            },
            {
                "name": "DESCRIPTION",
                "lines": 42,
                "subsections": []
            },
            {
                "name": "OPTIONS",
                "lines": 19,
                "subsections": [
                    {
                        "name": "-cfields",
                        "lines": 4
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "-ifields",
                        "lines": 4
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "-kfield",
                        "lines": 10
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "-pfilename",
                        "lines": 22
                    }
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "USAGE",
                "lines": 501,
                "subsections": []
            },
            {
                "name": "FILES",
                "lines": 8,
                "subsections": []
            },
            {
                "name": "ENVIRONMENT",
                "lines": 2,
                "subsections": []
            },
            {
                "name": "SEE ALSO",
                "lines": 2,
                "subsections": []
            },
            {
                "name": "BUGS",
                "lines": 4,
                "subsections": []
            }
        ],
        "sections": {
            "NAME": {
                "content": "refer - preprocess bibliographic references for groff\n",
                "subsections": []
            },
            "SYNOPSIS": {
                "content": "refer [-benCPRS] [-a n] [-c fields] [-f n] [-i fields] [-k field]\n[-l m,n] [-p filename] [-s fields] [-t n] -B field.macro [file\n...]\n\nrefer --help\n\nrefer -v\nrefer --version\n",
                "subsections": []
            },
            "DESCRIPTION": {
                "content": "This  file  documents  the  GNU  version of refer, which is part of the\ngroff document formatting system.  refer copies the contents  of  file-\nname... to the standard output, except that lines between .[ and .] are\ninterpreted as citations, and lines between .R1 and .R2 are interpreted\nas commands about how citations are to be processed.\n\nEach citation specifies a reference.  The citation can specify a refer-\nence that is contained in a bibliographic database by giving a  set  of\nkeywords that only that reference contains.  Alternatively it can spec-\nify a reference by supplying a database record in the citation.  A com-\nbination of these alternatives is also possible.\n\nFor  each  citation,  refer  can produce a mark in the text.  This mark\nconsists of some label which can be separated from the  text  and  from\nother labels in various ways.  For each reference it also outputs groff\ncommands that can be used by a macro package  to  produce  a  formatted\nreference  for  each  citation.   The output of refer must therefore be\nprocessed using a suitable macro package.  The -ms and -me  macros  are\nboth  suitable.   The  commands to format a citation's reference can be\noutput immediately after the citation, or the references may be accumu-\nlated,  and the commands output at some later point.  If the references\nare accumulated, then multiple citations of  the  same  reference  will\nproduce a single formatted reference.\n\nThe  interpretation  of  lines between .R1 and .R2 as commands is a new\nfeature of GNU refer.  Documents making use of this feature  can  still\nbe processed by Unix refer just by adding the lines\n\n.de R1\n.ig R2\n..\nto  the beginning of the document.  This will cause troff to ignore ev-\nerything between .R1 and .R2.  The effect of some commands can also  be\nachieved  by  options.  These options are supported mainly for compati-\nbility with Unix refer.  It is usually more convenient to use commands.\n\nrefer generates .lf lines so that filenames and line  numbers  in  mes-\nsages  produced  by commands that read refer output will be correct; it\nalso interprets lines beginning with .lf so  that  filenames  and  line\nnumbers in the messages and .lf lines that it produces will be accurate\neven if the input has been preprocessed by a command such as soelim(1).\n",
                "subsections": []
            },
            "OPTIONS": {
                "content": "Whitespace is permitted between a command-line option and its argument.\n\nMost options are equivalent to commands (for  a  description  of  these\ncommands, see subsection \"Commands\" below).\n\n-b     no-label-in-text; no-label-in-reference\n\n-e     accumulate\n\n-n     no-default-database\n\n-C     compatible\n\n-P     move-punctuation\n\n-S     label \"(A.n|Q) ', ' (D.y|D)\"; bracket-label \" (\" ) \"; \"\n\n-an    reverse An\n",
                "subsections": [
                    {
                        "name": "-cfields",
                        "content": "capitalize fields\n\n-fn    label %n\n"
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "-ifields",
                        "content": "search-ignore fields\n\n-k     label L~%a\n"
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "-kfield",
                        "content": "label field~%a\n\n-l     label A.nD.y%a\n\n-lm    label A.n+mD.y%a\n\n-l,n   label A.nD.y-n%a\n\n-lm,n  label A.n+mD.y-n%a\n"
                    },
                    {
                        "name": "-pfilename",
                        "content": "database filename\n\n-sspec sort spec\n\n-tn    search-truncate n\n\nThese  options  are equivalent to the following commands with the addi-\ntion that the filenames specified on the command line are processed  as\nif  they  were  arguments to the bibliography command instead of in the\nnormal way:\n\n-B     annotate X AP; no-label-in-reference\n\n-Bfield.macro\nannotate field macro; no-label-in-reference\n\nThe following options have no equivalent commands:\n\n-v     Print the version number.\n\n-R     Don't recognize lines beginning with .R1/.R2.\n"
                    }
                ]
            },
            "USAGE": {
                "content": "Bibliographic databases\nThe bibliographic database is a text file consisting of  records  sepa-\nrated by one or more blank lines.  Within each record fields start with\na % at the beginning of a line.  Each field has a  one  character  name\nthat immediately follows the %.  It is best to use only upper and lower\ncase letters for the names of fields.  The name of the field should  be\nfollowed  by  exactly one space, and then by the contents of the field.\nEmpty fields are ignored.  The conventional meaning of each field is as\nfollows:\n\n%A     The name of an author.  If the name contains a title such as Jr.\nat the end, it should be separated  from  the  last  name  by  a\ncomma.   There can be multiple occurrences of the %A field.  The\norder is significant.  It is a good idea always to supply an  %A\nfield or a %Q field.\n\n%B     For an article that is part of a book, the title of the book.\n\n%C     The place (city) of publication.\n\n%D     The  date of publication.  The year should be specified in full.\nIf the month is specified, the name rather than  the  number  of\nthe  month  should be used, but only the first three letters are\nrequired.  It is a good idea always to supply a %D field; if the\ndate  is  unknown,  a  value  such as in press or unknown can be\nused.\n\n%E     For an article that is part of a book, the name of an editor  of\nthe  book.  Where the work has editors and no authors, the names\nof the editors should be  given  as  %A  fields  and  , (ed)  or\n, (eds) should be appended to the last author.\n\n%G     US Government ordering number.\n\n%I     The publisher (issuer).\n\n%J     For an article in a journal, the name of the journal.\n\n%K     Keywords to be used for searching.\n\n%L     Label.\n\n%N     Journal issue number.\n\n%O     Other  information.   This  is usually printed at the end of the\nreference.\n\n%P     Page number.  A range of pages can be specified as m-n.\n\n%Q     The name of the author, if the author is  not  a  person.   This\nwill  only be used if there are no %A fields.  There can only be\none %Q field.\n\n%R     Technical report number.\n\n%S     Series name.\n\n%T     Title.  For an article in a book or journal, this should be  the\ntitle of the article.\n\n%V     Volume number of the journal or book.\n\n%X     Annotation.\n\nFor  all  fields except %A and %E, if there is more than one occurrence\nof a particular field in a record, only the last  such  field  will  be\nused.\n\nIf  accent strings are used, they should follow the character to be ac-\ncented.  This means that the AM macro must be used with the -ms macros.\nAccent strings should not be quoted: use one \\ rather than two.\n\nCitations\nThe format of a citation is\n.[opening-text\nflags keywords\nfields\n.]closing-text\n\nThe  opening-text,  closing-text,  and  flags  components are optional.\nOnly one of the keywords and fields components need be specified.\n\nThe keywords component says to search the bibliographic databases for a\nreference  that  contains all the words in keywords.  It is an error if\nmore than one reference if found.\n\nThe fields components specifies additional fields to replace or supple-\nment those specified in the reference.  When references are being accu-\nmulated and the keywords component is non-empty, then additional fields\nshould be specified only on the first occasion that a particular refer-\nence is cited, and will apply to all citations of that reference.\n\nThe opening-text and closing-text component  specifies  strings  to  be\nused  to  bracket  the  label  instead  of the strings specified in the\nbracket-label command.  If either of these components is non-empty, the\nstrings  specified  in the bracket-label command will not be used; this\nbehaviour can be altered using the [ and ] flags.   Note  that  leading\nand trailing spaces are significant for these components.\n\nThe  flags  component  is a list of non-alphanumeric characters each of\nwhich modifies the treatment of this particular citation.   Unix  refer\nwill  treat these flags as part of the keywords and so will ignore them\nsince they are non-alphanumeric.  The  following  flags  are  currently\nrecognized:\n\n#      This says to use the label specified by the short-label command,\ninstead of that specified by the label command.  If no short la-\nbel  has  been  specified, the normal label will be used.  Typi-\ncally the short label is used with author-date labels  and  con-\nsists of only the date and possibly a disambiguating letter; the\n# is supposed to be suggestive of a numeric type of label.\n\n[      Precede opening-text with the  first  string  specified  in  the\nbracket-label command.\n\n]      Follow  closing-text  with  the  second  string specified in the\nbracket-label command.\n\nOne advantages of using the [ and ] flags  rather  than  including  the\nbrackets  in  opening-text  and closing-text is that you can change the\nstyle of bracket used in the document just by changing the  bracket-la-\nbel  command.   Another  advantage is that sorting and merging of cita-\ntions will not necessarily be inhibited if the flags are used.\n\nIf a label is to be inserted into the text, it will be attached to  the\nline  preceding  the  .[ line.  If there is no such line, then an extra\nline will be inserted before the .[ line and a warning will be given.\n\nThere is no special notation for making a citation to  multiple  refer-\nences.   Just  use  a  sequence  of  citations, one for each reference.\nDon't put anything between the citations.  The labels for all the cita-\ntions  will  be attached to the line preceding the first citation.  The\nlabels may also be sorted or merged.  See the description of the <> la-\nbel  expression,  and of the sort-adjacent-labels and abbreviate-label-\nranges command.  A label will not be merged if its citation has a  non-\nempty opening-text or closing-text.  However, the labels for a citation\nusing the ] flag and without any closing-text immediately followed by a\ncitation  using  the  [ flag and without any opening-text may be sorted\nand merged even though the first citation's opening-text or the  second\ncitation's  closing-text  is  non-empty.   (If you wish to prevent this\njust make the first citation's closing-text \\&.)\n\nCommands\nCommands are contained between lines starting with .R1 and .R2.  Recog-\nnition  of  these  lines can be prevented by the -R option.  When a .R1\nline is recognized any accumulated references are flushed out.  Neither\n.R1 nor .R2 lines, nor anything between them is output.\n\nCommands  are separated by newlines or ;s.  # introduces a comment that\nextends to the end of the line (but  does  not  conceal  the  newline).\nEach command is broken up into words.  Words are separated by spaces or\ntabs.  A word that begins with \" extends to the next \" that is not fol-\nlowed  by another \".  If there is no such \" the word extends to the end\nof the line.  Pairs of \" in a word beginning with \" collapse to a  sin-\ngle  \".   Neither # nor ; are recognized inside \"s.  A line can be con-\ntinued by ending it with \\; this works everywhere except after a #.\n\nEach command name that is marked with * has an associated negative com-\nmand  no-name that undoes the effect of name.  For example, the no-sort\ncommand specifies that references should not be sorted.   The  negative\ncommands take no arguments.\n\nIn the following description each argument must be a single word; field\nis used for a single upper or lower case letter naming a field;  fields\nis used for a sequence of such letters; m and n are used for a non-neg-\native numbers; string is used for an arbitrary string; filename is used\nfor the name of a file.\n\nabbreviate* fields string1 string2 string3 string4\nAbbreviate the first names of fields.  An initial letter will be\nseparated from another initial letter by string1, from the  last\nname by string2, and from anything else (such as a von or de) by\nstring3.  These default to a period followed by a space.   In  a\nhyphenated first name, the initial of the first part of the name\nwill be separated from the hyphen by string4; this defaults to a\nperiod.  No attempt is made to handle any ambiguities that might\nresult from abbreviation.  Names are abbreviated before  sorting\nand before label construction.\n\nabbreviate-label-ranges* string\nThree  or  more adjacent labels that refer to consecutive refer-\nences will be abbreviated to a label consisting of the first la-\nbel,  followed  by  string  followed by the last label.  This is\nmainly useful with numeric labels.  If string is omitted it  de-\nfaults to -.\n\naccumulate*\nAccumulate  references  instead of writing out each reference as\nit is encountered.  Accumulated references will be  written  out\nwhenever a reference of the form\n\n.[\n$LIST$\n.]\n\nis  encountered,  after all input files have been processed, and\nwhenever .R1 line is recognized.\n\nannotate* field string\nfield is an annotation; print it at the end of the reference  as\na paragraph preceded by the line\n\n.string\n\nIf  string  is  omitted  it will default to AP; if field is also\nomitted it will default to X.  Only one field can be an  annota-\ntion.\n\narticles string...\nstring... are definite or indefinite articles, and should be ig-\nnored at the beginning of T  fields  when  sorting.   Initially,\nthe, a and an are recognized as articles.\n\nbibliography filename...\nWrite  out  all  the  references  contained in the bibliographic\ndatabases filename...   This  command  should  come  last  in  a\n.R1/.R2 block.\n\nbracket-label string1 string2 string3\nIn  the  text,  bracket each label with string1 and string2.  An\noccurrence of string2 immediately followed by  string1  will  be\nturned into string3.  The default behaviour is\n\nbracket-label \\*([. \\*(.] \", \"\n\ncapitalize fields\nConvert fields to caps and small caps.\n\ncompatible*\nRecognize  .R1  and  .R2 even when followed by a character other\nthan space or newline.\n\ndatabase filename...\nSearch the bibliographic databases filename...  For  each  file-\nname  if  an index filename.i created by indxbib(1) exists, then\nit will be searched instead; each index can cover multiple data-\nbases.\n\ndate-as-label* string\nstring  is a label expression that specifies a string with which\nto replace the D field after constructing the label.   See  sub-\nsection \"Label expressions\" below for a description of label ex-\npressions.  This command is useful if you do not  want  explicit\nlabels  in  the  reference  list, but instead want to handle any\nnecessary disambiguation by qualifying the  date  in  some  way.\nThe  label  used in the text would typically be some combination\nof the author and date.  In most cases you should also  use  the\nno-label-in-reference command.  For example,\n\ndate-as-label D.+yD.y%a*D.-y\n\nwould  attach  a disambiguating letter to the year part of the D\nfield in the reference.\n\ndefault-database*\nThe default database should be searched.  This  is  the  default\nbehaviour,  so the negative version of this command is more use-\nful.  refer determines whether the default  database  should  be\nsearched  on  the  first  occasion that it needs to do a search.\nThus a no-default-database command must be given before then, in\norder to be effective.\n\ndiscard* fields\nWhen  the  reference  is  read,  fields  should be discarded; no\nstring definitions for fields will be output.  Initially, fields\nare XYZ.\n\net-al* string m n\nControl use of et al in the evaluation of @ expressions in label\nexpressions.  If the number of authors needed to make the author\nsequence  unambiguous  is u and the total number of authors is t\nthen the last t-u authors will be replaced  by  string  provided\nthat  t-u  is not less than m and t is not less than n.  The de-\nfault behaviour is\n\net-al \" et al\" 2 3\n\ninclude filename\nInclude filename and interpret the contents as commands.\n\njoin-authors string1 string2 string3\nThis says how authors should be joined together.  When there are\nexactly  two  authors,  they  will be joined with string1.  When\nthere are more than two authors, all but the last  two  will  be\njoined  with  string2,  and  the last two authors will be joined\nwith string3.   If  string3  is  omitted,  it  will  default  to\nstring1;  if  string2  is  also  omitted it will also default to\nstring1.  For example,\n\njoin-authors \" and \" \", \" \", and \"\n\nwill restore the default method for joining authors.\n\nlabel-in-reference*\nWhen outputting the reference, define the string [F  to  be  the\nreference's  label.  This is the default behaviour; so the nega-\ntive version of this command is more useful.\n\nlabel-in-text*\nFor each reference output a label in the text.  The  label  will\nbe  separated  from  the  surrounding  text  as described in the\nbracket-label command.  This is the default  behaviour;  so  the\nnegative version of this command is more useful.\n\nlabel string\nstring is a label expression describing how to label each refer-\nence.\n\nseparate-label-second-parts string\nWhen merging two-part labels, separate the second  part  of  the\nsecond label from the first label with string.  See the descrip-\ntion of the <> label expression.\n\nmove-punctuation*\nIn the text, move any punctuation at the end of  line  past  the\nlabel.   It  is  usually a good idea to give this command unless\nyou are using superscripted numbers as labels.\n\nreverse* string\nReverse the fields whose names are in string.  Each  field  name\ncan  be  followed  by  a  number which says how many such fields\nshould be reversed.  If no number is given for a field, all such\nfields will be reversed.\n\nsearch-ignore* fields\nWhile searching for keys in databases for which no index exists,\nignore the contents of fields.  Initially, fields  XYZ  are  ig-\nnored.\n\nsearch-truncate* n\nOnly require the first n characters of keys to be given.  In ef-\nfect when searching for a given key words in  the  database  are\ntruncated  to  the maximum of n and the length of the key.  Ini-\ntially n is 6.\n\nshort-label* string\nstring is a label expression that specifies an alternative (usu-\nally  shorter)  style of label.  This is used when the # flag is\ngiven in the citation.  When using author-date style labels, the\nidentity  of  the  author or authors is sometimes clear from the\ncontext, and so it may be desirable to omit the  author  or  au-\nthors from the label.  The short-label command will typically be\nused to specify a label containing just a date  and  possibly  a\ndisambiguating letter.\n\nsort* string\nSort  references according to string.  References will automati-\ncally be accumulated.  string should be a list of  field  names,\neach  followed  by a number, indicating how many fields with the\nname should be used for sorting.  + can be used to indicate that\nall the fields with the name should be used.  Also . can be used\nto indicate the references should be sorted  using  the  (tenta-\ntive)  label.   (Subsection  \"Label expressions\" below describes\nthe concept of a tentative label.)\n\nsort-adjacent-labels*\nSort labels that are adjacent in the text according to their po-\nsition  in  the  reference list.  This command should usually be\ngiven if the abbreviate-label-ranges command has been given,  or\nif  the  label  expression  contains a <> expression.  This will\nhave no effect unless references are being accumulated.\n\nLabel expressions\nLabel expressions can be evaluated both normally and tentatively.   The\nresult  of  normal evaluation is used for output.  The result of tenta-\ntive evaluation, called the tentative label, is used to gather the  in-\nformation  that normal evaluation needs to disambiguate the label.  La-\nbel expressions specified by the date-as-label and short-label commands\nare not evaluated tentatively.  Normal and tentative evaluation are the\nsame for all types of expression other than @, *,  and  %  expressions.\nThe description below applies to normal evaluation, except where other-\nwise specified.\n\nfield\nfield n\nThe n-th part of field.  If n is omitted, it defaults to 1.\n\n'string'\nThe characters in string literally.\n\n@      All the authors joined as specified by the join-authors command.\nThe  whole  of each author's name will be used.  However, if the\nreferences are sorted by author (that is the sort  specification\nstarts  with  A+), then authors last names will be used instead,\nprovided that this does not introduce  ambiguity,  and  also  an\ninitial  subsequence  of  the authors may be used instead of all\nthe authors, again provided that this does not introduce ambigu-\nity.   The use of only the last name for the i-th author of some\nreference is considered to be ambiguous if there is  some  other\nreference, such that the first i-1 authors of the references are\nthe same, the i-th authors are not the same, but  the  i-th  au-\nthors  last names are the same.  A proper initial subsequence of\nthe sequence of authors for some reference is considered  to  be\nambiguous  if  there  is a reference with some other sequence of\nauthors which also has that subsequence as a proper initial sub-\nsequence.   When  an initial subsequence of authors is used, the\nremaining authors are replaced by the string  specified  by  the\net-al command; this command may also specify additional require-\nments that must be met before  an  initial  subsequence  can  be\nused.   @ tentatively evaluates to a canonical representation of\nthe authors, such that authors that compare equally for  sorting\npurpose will have the same representation.\n\n%n\n%a\n%A\n%i\n%I     The  serial  number  of the reference formatted according to the\ncharacter following the %.  The serial  number  of  a  reference\nis 1  plus  the number of earlier references with same tentative\nlabel as this reference.  These expressions tentatively evaluate\nto an empty string.\n\nexpr*  If  there  is another reference with the same tentative label as\nthis reference, then expr, otherwise an empty string.  It tenta-\ntively evaluates to an empty string.\n\nexpr+n\nexpr-n The  first (+) or last (-) n upper or lower case letters or dig-\nits of expr.  Troff special characters (such as \\('a) count as a\nsingle letter.  Accent strings are retained but do not count to-\nwards the total.\n\nexpr.l expr converted to lowercase.\n\nexpr.u expr converted to uppercase.\n\nexpr.c expr converted to caps and small caps.\n\nexpr.r expr reversed so that the last name is first.\n\nexpr.a expr with first names abbreviated.  Note that  fields  specified\nin  the abbreviate command are abbreviated before any labels are\nevaluated.  Thus .a is useful only when you want a field  to  be\nabbreviated in a label but not in a reference.\n\nexpr.y The year part of expr.\n\nexpr.+y\nThe  part  of  expr  before the year, or the whole of expr if it\ndoes not contain a year.\n\nexpr.-y\nThe part of expr after the year, or an empty string if expr does\nnot contain a year.\n\nexpr.n The last name part of expr.\n\nexpr1~expr2\nexpr1  except  that  if the last character of expr1 is - then it\nwill be replaced by expr2.\n\nexpr1 expr2\nThe concatenation of expr1 and expr2.\n\nexpr1|expr2\nIf expr1 is non-empty then expr1 otherwise expr2.\n\nexpr1&expr2\nIf expr1 is non-empty then expr2 otherwise an empty string.\n\nexpr1?expr2:expr3\nIf expr1 is non-empty then expr2 otherwise expr3.\n\n<expr> The label is in two parts, which are separated by expr.  Two ad-\njacent  two-part  labels  which have the same first part will be\nmerged by appending the second part of the second label onto the\nfirst  label  separated by the string specified in the separate-\nlabel-second-parts command (initially, a  comma  followed  by  a\nspace);  the  resulting label will also be a two-part label with\nthe same first part as before merging, and so additional  labels\ncan  be  merged  into  it.   Note that it is permissible for the\nfirst part to be empty; this  maybe  desirable  for  expressions\nused in the short-label command.\n\n(expr) The same as expr.  Used for grouping.\n\nThe  above  expressions  are  listed  in  order  of precedence (highest\nfirst); & and | have the same precedence.\n\nMacro interface\nEach reference starts with a call to the macro ]-.  The string [F  will\nbe  defined to be the label for this reference, unless the no-label-in-\nreference command has been given.   There  then  follows  a  series  of\nstring  definitions, one for each field: string [X corresponds to field\nX.  The number register [P is set to 1 if the P field contains a  range\nof pages.  The [T, [A and [O number registers are set to 1 according as\nthe T, A and O fields end with one of the characters .?!.  The [E  num-\nber  register  will be set to 1 if the [E string contains more than one\nname.  The reference is followed by a call to the ][ macro.  The  first\nargument to this macro gives a number representing the type of the ref-\nerence.  If a reference contains a J field, it will  be  classified  as\ntype 1,  otherwise  if it contains a B field, it will type 3, otherwise\nif it contains a G or R field it will be type 4, otherwise if  it  con-\ntains  an  I field it will be type 2, otherwise it will be type 0.  The\nsecond argument is a symbolic name for the type:  other,  journal-arti-\ncle,  book,  article-in-book or tech-report.  Groups of references that\nhave been accumulated or are produced by the bibliography  command  are\npreceded  by  a  call  to the ]< macro and followed by a call to the ]>\nmacro.\n",
                "subsections": []
            },
            "FILES": {
                "content": "/usr/dict/papers/Ind\nDefault database.\n\nfile.i Index files.\n\nrefer uses temporary files.  See the  groff(1)  man  page  for  details\nwhere such files are created.\n",
                "subsections": []
            },
            "ENVIRONMENT": {
                "content": "REFER  If set, overrides the default database.\n",
                "subsections": []
            },
            "SEE ALSO": {
                "content": "indxbib(1), lookbib(1), lkbib(1)\n",
                "subsections": []
            },
            "BUGS": {
                "content": "In  label  expressions, <> expressions are ignored inside .char expres-\nsions.\n\ngroff 1.22.4                     23 March 2022                        REFER(1)",
                "subsections": []
            }
        }
    }
}