{ "content": [ { "type": "text", "text": "# ps (info)\n\n## NAME\n\nps - report a snapshot of the current processes.\n\n## SYNOPSIS\n\nps [options]\n\n## DESCRIPTION\n\nps displays information about a selection of the active processes. If\nyou want a repetitive update of the selection and the displayed\ninformation, use top instead.\n\n## Sections\n\n- **NAME**\n- **SYNOPSIS**\n- **DESCRIPTION**\n- **EXAMPLES**\n- **SIMPLE PROCESS SELECTION** (1 subsections)\n- **PROCESS SELECTION BY LIST**\n- **OUTPUT FORMAT CONTROL** (1 subsections)\n- **OUTPUT MODIFIERS** (4 subsections)\n- **THREAD DISPLAY**\n- **OTHER INFORMATION** (1 subsections)\n- **NOTES**\n- **PROCESS FLAGS**\n- **PROCESS STATE CODES**\n- **OBSOLETE SORT KEYS**\n- **AIX FORMAT DESCRIPTORS**\n- **STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS**\n- **ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES**\n- **PERSONALITY**\n- **SEE ALSO**\n- **STANDARDS**\n- **AUTHOR**\n\nUse structuredContent.sections for detailed options, examples, and full documentation.\n" } ], "structuredContent": { "command": "ps", "section": "", "mode": "info", "summary": "ps - report a snapshot of the current processes.", "synopsis": "ps [options]", "tldr_summary": null, "tldr_examples": [], "tldr_source": null, "flags": [ { "flag": "", "long": "--deselect", "arg": null, "description": "Select all processes except those that fulfill the specified conditions (negates the selection). Identical to -N. -e Select all processes. Identical to -A. g Really all, even session leaders. This flag is obsolete and may be discontinued in a future release. It is normally implied by the a flag, and is only useful when operating in the sunos4 personality. -N Select all processes except those that fulfill the specified conditions (negates the selection). Identical to --deselect. T Select all processes associated with this terminal. Identical to the t option without any argument. r Restrict the selection to only running processes. x Lift the BSD-style \"must have a tty\" restriction, which is imposed upon the set of all processes when some BSD-style (without \"-\") options are used or when the ps personality setting is BSD-like. The set of processes selected in this manner is in addition to the set of processes selected by other means. An alternate description is that this option causes ps to list all processes owned by you (same EUID as ps), or to list all processes when used together with the a option." }, { "flag": "", "long": "--context", "arg": null, "description": "Display security context format (for SELinux). -f Do full-format listing. This option can be combined with many other UNIX-style options to add additional columns. It also causes the command arguments to be printed. When used with -L, the NLWP (number of threads) and LWP (thread ID) columns will be added. See the c option, the format keyword args, and the format keyword comm. -F Extra full format. See the -f option, which -F implies. --format format user-defined format. Identical to -o and o. j BSD job control format. -j Jobs format. l Display BSD long format. -l Long format. The -y option is often useful with this. -M Add a column of security data. Identical to Z (for SELinux). O format is preloaded o (overloaded). The BSD O option can act like -O (user-defined output format with some common fields predefined) or can be used to specify sort order. Heuristics are used to determine the behavior of this option. To ensure that the desired behavior is obtained (sorting or formatting), specify the option in some other way (e.g. with -O or --sort). When used as a formatting option, it is identical to -O, with the BSD personality. -O format Like -o, but preloaded with some default columns. Identical to -o pid,format,state,tname,time,command or -o pid,format,tname, time,cmd, see -o below. o format Specify user-defined format. Identical to -o and --format. -o format User-defined format. format is a single argument in the form of a blank-separated or comma-separated list, which offers a way to specify individual output columns. The recognized keywords are described in the STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section below. Headers may be renamed (ps -o pid,ruser=RealUser -o comm=Command) as desired. If all column headers are empty (ps -o pid= -o comm=) then the header line will not be output. Column width will increase as needed for wide headers; this may be used to widen up columns such as WCHAN (ps -o pid,wchan=WIDE- WCHAN-COLUMN -o comm). Explicit width control (ps opid, wchan:42,cmd) is offered too. The behavior of ps -o pid=X, comm=Y varies with personality; output may be one column named \"X,comm=Y\" or two columns named \"X\" and \"Y\". Use multiple -o options when in doubt. Use the PSFORMAT environment variable to specify a default as desired; DefSysV and DefBSD are macros that may be used to choose the default UNIX or BSD columns. s Display signal format. u Display user-oriented format. v Display virtual memory format. X Register format. -y Do not show flags; show rss in place of addr. This option can only be used with -l. Z Add a column of security data. Identical to -M (for SELinux)." }, { "flag": "", "long": "--cumulative", "arg": null, "description": "Include some dead child process data (as a sum with the parent). e Show the environment after the command. f ASCII art process hierarchy (forest)." }, { "flag": "", "long": "--forest", "arg": null, "description": "ASCII art process tree. h No header. (or, one header per screen in the BSD personality). The h option is problematic. Standard BSD ps uses this option to print a header on each page of output, but older Linux ps uses this option to totally disable the header. This version of ps follows the Linux usage of not printing the header unless the BSD personality has been selected, in which case it prints a header on each page of output. Regardless of the current personality, you can use the long options --headers and --no-headers to enable printing headers each page or disable headers entirely, respectively. -H Show process hierarchy (forest)." }, { "flag": "", "long": "--headers", "arg": null, "description": "Repeat header lines, one per page of output. k spec Specify sorting order. Sorting syntax is [+|-]key[,[+|-]key[,...]]. Choose a multi-letter key from the STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section. The \"+\" is optional since default direction is increasing numerical or lexicographic order. Identical to --sort. Examples: ps jaxkuid,-ppid,+pid ps axk comm o comm,args ps kstarttime -ef --lines n Set screen height. n Numeric output for WCHAN and USER (including all types of UID and GID)." }, { "flag": "", "long": "--no-headers", "arg": null, "description": "Print no header line at all. --no-heading is an alias for this option. O order Sorting order (overloaded). The BSD O option can act like -O (user-defined output format with some common fields predefined) or can be used to specify sort order. Heuristics are used to determine the behavior of this option. To ensure that the desired behavior is obtained (sorting or formatting), specify the option in some other way (e.g. with -O or --sort). For sorting, obsolete BSD O option syntax is O[+|-]k1[,[+|-]k2[,...]]. It orders the processes listing according to the multilevel sort specified by the sequence of one-letter short keys k1,k2, ... described in the OBSOLETE SORT KEYS section below. The \"+\" is currently optional, merely re-iterating the default direction on a key, but may help to distinguish an O sort from an O format. The \"-\" reverses direction only on the key it precedes. --rows n Set screen height. S Sum up some information, such as CPU usage, from dead child processes into their parent. This is useful for examining a system where a parent process repeatedly forks off short-lived children to do work. --sort spec Specify sorting order. Sorting syntax is [+|-]key[,[+|-]key[,...]]. Choose a multi-letter key from the STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section. The \"+\" is optional since default direction is increasing numerical or lexicographic order. Identical to k. For example: ps jax --sort=uid,-ppid, +pid w Wide output. Use this option twice for unlimited width. -w Wide output. Use this option twice for unlimited width. --width n Set screen width." }, { "flag": "", "long": "--version", "arg": null, "description": "Print the procps-ng version." } ], "examples": [ "To see every process on the system using standard syntax:", "ps -e", "ps -ef", "ps -eF", "ps -ely", "To see every process on the system using BSD syntax:", "ps ax", "ps axu", "To print a process tree:", "ps -ejH", "ps axjf", "To get info about threads:", "ps -eLf", "ps axms", "To get security info:", "ps -eo euser,ruser,suser,fuser,f,comm,label", "ps axZ", "ps -eM", "To see every process running as root (real & effective ID) in user", "format:", "ps -U root -u root u", "To see every process with a user-defined format:", "ps -eo pid,tid,class,rtprio,ni,pri,psr,pcpu,stat,wchan:14,comm", "ps axo stat,euid,ruid,tty,tpgid,sess,pgrp,ppid,pid,pcpu,comm", "ps -Ao pid,tt,user,fname,tmout,f,wchan", "Print only the process IDs of syslogd:", "ps -C syslogd -o pid=", "Print only the name of PID 42:", "ps -q 42 -o comm=" ], "see_also": [ { "name": "pgrep", "section": "1", "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/pgrep/1/json" }, { "name": "pstree", "section": "1", "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/pstree/1/json" }, { "name": "top", "section": "1", "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/top/1/json" }, { "name": "proc", "section": "5", "url": "https://www.chedong.com/phpMan.php/man/proc/5/json" } ], "section_outline": [ { "name": "NAME", "lines": 2, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "SYNOPSIS", "lines": 2, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "DESCRIPTION", "lines": 46, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "EXAMPLES", "lines": 38, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "SIMPLE PROCESS SELECTION", "lines": 16, "subsections": [ { "name": "--deselect", "lines": 27, "long": "--deselect" } ] }, { "name": "PROCESS SELECTION BY LIST", "lines": 123, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "OUTPUT FORMAT CONTROL", "lines": 5, "subsections": [ { "name": "--context", "lines": 73, "long": "--context" } ] }, { "name": "OUTPUT MODIFIERS", "lines": 15, "subsections": [ { "name": "--cumulative", "lines": 6, "long": "--cumulative" }, { "name": "--forest", "lines": 15, "long": "--forest" }, { "name": "--headers", "lines": 19, "long": "--headers" }, { "name": "--no-headers", "lines": 43, "long": "--no-headers" } ] }, { "name": "THREAD DISPLAY", "lines": 10, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "OTHER INFORMATION", "lines": 14, "subsections": [ { "name": "--version", "lines": 2, "long": "--version" } ] }, { "name": "NOTES", "lines": 30, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "PROCESS FLAGS", "lines": 6, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "PROCESS STATE CODES", "lines": 26, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "OBSOLETE SORT KEYS", "lines": 36, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "AIX FORMAT DESCRIPTORS", "lines": 22, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS", "lines": 487, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES", "lines": 47, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "PERSONALITY", "lines": 26, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "SEE ALSO", "lines": 2, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "STANDARDS", "lines": 8, "subsections": [] }, { "name": "AUTHOR", "lines": 16, "subsections": [] } ], "sections": { "NAME": { "content": "ps - report a snapshot of the current processes.\n", "subsections": [] }, "SYNOPSIS": { "content": "ps [options]\n", "subsections": [] }, "DESCRIPTION": { "content": "ps displays information about a selection of the active processes. If\nyou want a repetitive update of the selection and the displayed\ninformation, use top instead.\n\nThis version of ps accepts several kinds of options:\n\n1 UNIX options, which may be grouped and must be preceded by a dash.\n2 BSD options, which may be grouped and must not be used with a dash.\n3 GNU long options, which are preceded by two dashes.\n\nOptions of different types may be freely mixed, but conflicts can\nappear. There are some synonymous options, which are functionally\nidentical, due to the many standards and ps implementations that this\nps is compatible with.\n\nNote that ps -aux is distinct from ps aux. The POSIX and UNIX\nstandards require that ps -aux print all processes owned by a user\nnamed x, as well as printing all processes that would be selected by\nthe -a option. If the user named x does not exist, this ps may\ninterpret the command as ps aux instead and print a warning. This\nbehavior is intended to aid in transitioning old scripts and habits.\nIt is fragile, subject to change, and thus should not be relied upon.\n\nBy default, ps selects all processes with the same effective user ID\n(euid=EUID) as the current user and associated with the same terminal\nas the invoker. It displays the process ID (pid=PID), the terminal\nassociated with the process (tname=TTY), the cumulated CPU time in\n[DD-]hh:mm:ss format (time=TIME), and the executable name (ucmd=CMD).\nOutput is unsorted by default.\n\nThe use of BSD-style options will add process state (stat=STAT) to the\ndefault display and show the command args (args=COMMAND) instead of the\nexecutable name. You can override this with the PSFORMAT environment\nvariable. The use of BSD-style options will also change the process\nselection to include processes on other terminals (TTYs) that are owned\nby you; alternately, this may be described as setting the selection to\nbe the set of all processes filtered to exclude processes owned by\nother users or not on a terminal. These effects are not considered\nwhen options are described as being \"identical\" below, so -M will be\nconsidered identical to Z and so on.\n\nExcept as described below, process selection options are additive. The\ndefault selection is discarded, and then the selected processes are\nadded to the set of processes to be displayed. A process will thus be\nshown if it meets any of the given selection criteria.\n", "subsections": [] }, "EXAMPLES": { "content": "To see every process on the system using standard syntax:\nps -e\nps -ef\nps -eF\nps -ely\n\nTo see every process on the system using BSD syntax:\nps ax\nps axu\n\nTo print a process tree:\nps -ejH\nps axjf\n\nTo get info about threads:\nps -eLf\nps axms\n\nTo get security info:\nps -eo euser,ruser,suser,fuser,f,comm,label\nps axZ\nps -eM\n\nTo see every process running as root (real & effective ID) in user\nformat:\nps -U root -u root u\n\nTo see every process with a user-defined format:\nps -eo pid,tid,class,rtprio,ni,pri,psr,pcpu,stat,wchan:14,comm\nps axo stat,euid,ruid,tty,tpgid,sess,pgrp,ppid,pid,pcpu,comm\nps -Ao pid,tt,user,fname,tmout,f,wchan\n\nPrint only the process IDs of syslogd:\nps -C syslogd -o pid=\n\nPrint only the name of PID 42:\nps -q 42 -o comm=\n", "subsections": [] }, "SIMPLE PROCESS SELECTION": { "content": "a Lift the BSD-style \"only yourself\" restriction, which is imposed\nupon the set of all processes when some BSD-style (without \"-\")\noptions are used or when the ps personality setting is BSD-like.\nThe set of processes selected in this manner is in addition to\nthe set of processes selected by other means. An alternate\ndescription is that this option causes ps to list all processes\nwith a terminal (tty), or to list all processes when used\ntogether with the x option.\n\n-A Select all processes. Identical to -e.\n\n-a Select all processes except both session leaders (see getsid(2))\nand processes not associated with a terminal.\n\n-d Select all processes except session leaders.\n", "subsections": [ { "name": "--deselect", "content": "Select all processes except those that fulfill the specified\nconditions (negates the selection). Identical to -N.\n\n-e Select all processes. Identical to -A.\n\ng Really all, even session leaders. This flag is obsolete and may\nbe discontinued in a future release. It is normally implied by\nthe a flag, and is only useful when operating in the sunos4\npersonality.\n\n-N Select all processes except those that fulfill the specified\nconditions (negates the selection). Identical to --deselect.\n\nT Select all processes associated with this terminal. Identical\nto the t option without any argument.\n\nr Restrict the selection to only running processes.\n\nx Lift the BSD-style \"must have a tty\" restriction, which is\nimposed upon the set of all processes when some BSD-style\n(without \"-\") options are used or when the ps personality\nsetting is BSD-like. The set of processes selected in this\nmanner is in addition to the set of processes selected by other\nmeans. An alternate description is that this option causes ps\nto list all processes owned by you (same EUID as ps), or to list\nall processes when used together with the a option.\n", "long": "--deselect" } ] }, "PROCESS SELECTION BY LIST": { "content": "These options accept a single argument in the form of a blank-separated\nor comma-separated list. They can be used multiple times. For\nexample: ps -p \"1 2\" -p 3,4\n\n-123 Identical to --pid 123.\n\n123 Identical to --pid 123.\n\n-C cmdlist\nSelect by command name. This selects the processes whose\nexecutable name is given in cmdlist. NOTE: The command name is\nnot the same as the command line. Previous versions of procps\nand the kernel truncated this command name to 15 characters.\nThis limitation is no longer present in both. If you depended on\nmatching only 15 characters, you may no longer get a match.\n\n-G grplist\nSelect by real group ID (RGID) or name. This selects the\nprocesses whose real group name or ID is in the grplist list.\nThe real group ID identifies the group of the user who created\nthe process, see getgid(2).\n\n-g grplist\nSelect by session OR by effective group name. Selection by\nsession is specified by many standards, but selection by\neffective group is the logical behavior that several other\noperating systems use. This ps will select by session when the\nlist is completely numeric (as sessions are). Group ID numbers\nwill work only when some group names are also specified. See\nthe -s and --group options.\n\n--Group grplist\nSelect by real group ID (RGID) or name. Identical to -G.\n\n--group grplist\nSelect by effective group ID (EGID) or name. This selects the\nprocesses whose effective group name or ID is in grplist. The\neffective group ID describes the group whose file access\npermissions are used by the process (see getegid(2)). The -g\noption is often an alternative to --group.\n\np pidlist\nSelect by process ID. Identical to -p and --pid.\n\n-p pidlist\nSelect by PID. This selects the processes whose process ID\nnumbers appear in pidlist. Identical to p and --pid.\n\n--pid pidlist\nSelect by process ID. Identical to -p and p.\n\n--ppid pidlist\nSelect by parent process ID. This selects the processes with a\nparent process ID in pidlist. That is, it selects processes\nthat are children of those listed in pidlist.\n\nq pidlist\nSelect by process ID (quick mode). Identical to -q and\n--quick-pid.\n\n-q pidlist\nSelect by PID (quick mode). This selects the processes whose\nprocess ID numbers appear in pidlist. With this option ps reads\nthe necessary info only for the pids listed in the pidlist and\ndoesn't apply additional filtering rules. The order of pids is\nunsorted and preserved. No additional selection options,\nsorting and forest type listings are allowed in this mode.\nIdentical to q and --quick-pid.\n\n--quick-pid pidlist\nSelect by process ID (quick mode). Identical to -q and q.\n\n-s sesslist\nSelect by session ID. This selects the processes with a session\nID specified in sesslist.\n\n--sid sesslist\nSelect by session ID. Identical to -s.\n\nt ttylist\nSelect by tty. Nearly identical to -t and --tty, but can also\nbe used with an empty ttylist to indicate the terminal\nassociated with ps. Using the T option is considered cleaner\nthan using t with an empty ttylist.\n\n-t ttylist\nSelect by tty. This selects the processes associated with the\nterminals given in ttylist. Terminals (ttys, or screens for\ntext output) can be specified in several forms: /dev/ttyS1,\nttyS1, S1. A plain \"-\" may be used to select processes not\nattached to any terminal.\n\n--tty ttylist\nSelect by terminal. Identical to -t and t.\n\nU userlist\nSelect by effective user ID (EUID) or name. This selects the\nprocesses whose effective user name or ID is in userlist. The\neffective user ID describes the user whose file access\npermissions are used by the process (see geteuid(2)). Identical\nto -u and --user.\n\n-U userlist\nSelect by real user ID (RUID) or name. It selects the processes\nwhose real user name or ID is in the userlist list. The real\nuser ID identifies the user who created the process, see\ngetuid(2).\n\n-u userlist\nSelect by effective user ID (EUID) or name. This selects the\nprocesses whose effective user name or ID is in userlist.\n\nThe effective user ID describes the user whose file access\npermissions are used by the process (see geteuid(2)). Identical\nto U and --user.\n\n--User userlist\nSelect by real user ID (RUID) or name. Identical to -U.\n\n--user userlist\nSelect by effective user ID (EUID) or name. Identical to -u and\nU.\n", "subsections": [] }, "OUTPUT FORMAT CONTROL": { "content": "These options are used to choose the information displayed by ps. The\noutput may differ by personality.\n\n-c Show different scheduler information for the -l option.\n", "subsections": [ { "name": "--context", "content": "Display security context format (for SELinux).\n\n-f Do full-format listing. This option can be combined with many\nother UNIX-style options to add additional columns. It also\ncauses the command arguments to be printed. When used with -L,\nthe NLWP (number of threads) and LWP (thread ID) columns will be\nadded. See the c option, the format keyword args, and the\nformat keyword comm.\n\n-F Extra full format. See the -f option, which -F implies.\n\n--format format\nuser-defined format. Identical to -o and o.\n\nj BSD job control format.\n\n-j Jobs format.\n\nl Display BSD long format.\n\n-l Long format. The -y option is often useful with this.\n\n-M Add a column of security data. Identical to Z (for SELinux).\n\nO format\nis preloaded o (overloaded). The BSD O option can act like -O\n(user-defined output format with some common fields predefined)\nor can be used to specify sort order. Heuristics are used to\ndetermine the behavior of this option. To ensure that the\ndesired behavior is obtained (sorting or formatting), specify\nthe option in some other way (e.g. with -O or --sort). When\nused as a formatting option, it is identical to -O, with the BSD\npersonality.\n\n-O format\nLike -o, but preloaded with some default columns. Identical to\n-o pid,format,state,tname,time,command or -o pid,format,tname,\ntime,cmd, see -o below.\n\no format\nSpecify user-defined format. Identical to -o and --format.\n\n-o format\nUser-defined format. format is a single argument in the form of\na blank-separated or comma-separated list, which offers a way to\nspecify individual output columns. The recognized keywords are\ndescribed in the STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section below.\nHeaders may be renamed (ps -o pid,ruser=RealUser -o\ncomm=Command) as desired. If all column headers are empty (ps\n-o pid= -o comm=) then the header line will not be output.\nColumn width will increase as needed for wide headers; this may\nbe used to widen up columns such as WCHAN (ps -o pid,wchan=WIDE-\nWCHAN-COLUMN -o comm). Explicit width control (ps opid,\nwchan:42,cmd) is offered too. The behavior of ps -o pid=X,\ncomm=Y varies with personality; output may be one column named\n\"X,comm=Y\" or two columns named \"X\" and \"Y\". Use multiple -o\noptions when in doubt. Use the PSFORMAT environment variable\nto specify a default as desired; DefSysV and DefBSD are macros\nthat may be used to choose the default UNIX or BSD columns.\n\ns Display signal format.\n\nu Display user-oriented format.\n\nv Display virtual memory format.\n\nX Register format.\n\n-y Do not show flags; show rss in place of addr. This option can\nonly be used with -l.\n\nZ Add a column of security data. Identical to -M (for SELinux).\n", "long": "--context" } ] }, "OUTPUT MODIFIERS": { "content": "c Show the true command name. This is derived from the name of\nthe executable file, rather than from the argv value. Command\narguments and any modifications to them are thus not shown.\nThis option effectively turns the args format keyword into the\ncomm format keyword; it is useful with the -f format option and\nwith the various BSD-style format options, which all normally\ndisplay the command arguments. See the -f option, the format\nkeyword args, and the format keyword comm.\n\n--cols n\nSet screen width.\n\n--columns n\nSet screen width.\n", "subsections": [ { "name": "--cumulative", "content": "Include some dead child process data (as a sum with the parent).\n\ne Show the environment after the command.\n\nf ASCII art process hierarchy (forest).\n", "long": "--cumulative" }, { "name": "--forest", "content": "ASCII art process tree.\n\nh No header. (or, one header per screen in the BSD personality).\nThe h option is problematic. Standard BSD ps uses this option\nto print a header on each page of output, but older Linux ps\nuses this option to totally disable the header. This version of\nps follows the Linux usage of not printing the header unless the\nBSD personality has been selected, in which case it prints a\nheader on each page of output. Regardless of the current\npersonality, you can use the long options --headers and\n--no-headers to enable printing headers each page or disable\nheaders entirely, respectively.\n\n-H Show process hierarchy (forest).\n", "long": "--forest" }, { "name": "--headers", "content": "Repeat header lines, one per page of output.\n\nk spec Specify sorting order. Sorting syntax is\n[+|-]key[,[+|-]key[,...]]. Choose a multi-letter key from the\nSTANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section. The \"+\" is optional since\ndefault direction is increasing numerical or lexicographic\norder. Identical to --sort.\n\nExamples:\nps jaxkuid,-ppid,+pid\nps axk comm o comm,args\nps kstarttime -ef\n\n--lines n\nSet screen height.\n\nn Numeric output for WCHAN and USER (including all types of UID\nand GID).\n", "long": "--headers" }, { "name": "--no-headers", "content": "Print no header line at all. --no-heading is an alias for this\noption.\n\nO order\nSorting order (overloaded). The BSD O option can act like -O\n(user-defined output format with some common fields predefined)\nor can be used to specify sort order. Heuristics are used to\ndetermine the behavior of this option. To ensure that the\ndesired behavior is obtained (sorting or formatting), specify\nthe option in some other way (e.g. with -O or --sort).\n\nFor sorting, obsolete BSD O option syntax is\nO[+|-]k1[,[+|-]k2[,...]]. It orders the processes listing\naccording to the multilevel sort specified by the sequence of\none-letter short keys k1,k2, ... described in the OBSOLETE SORT\nKEYS section below. The \"+\" is currently optional, merely\nre-iterating the default direction on a key, but may help to\ndistinguish an O sort from an O format. The \"-\" reverses\ndirection only on the key it precedes.\n\n--rows n\nSet screen height.\n\nS Sum up some information, such as CPU usage, from dead child\nprocesses into their parent. This is useful for examining a\nsystem where a parent process repeatedly forks off short-lived\nchildren to do work.\n\n--sort spec\nSpecify sorting order. Sorting syntax is\n[+|-]key[,[+|-]key[,...]]. Choose a multi-letter key from the\nSTANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section. The \"+\" is optional since\ndefault direction is increasing numerical or lexicographic\norder. Identical to k. For example: ps jax --sort=uid,-ppid,\n+pid\n\nw Wide output. Use this option twice for unlimited width.\n\n-w Wide output. Use this option twice for unlimited width.\n\n--width n\nSet screen width.\n", "long": "--no-headers" } ] }, "THREAD DISPLAY": { "content": "H Show threads as if they were processes.\n\n-L Show threads, possibly with LWP and NLWP columns.\n\nm Show threads after processes.\n\n-m Show threads after processes.\n\n-T Show threads, possibly with SPID column.\n", "subsections": [] }, "OTHER INFORMATION": { "content": "--help section\nPrint a help message. The section argument can be one of\nsimple, list, output, threads, misc, or all. The argument can\nbe shortened to one of the underlined letters as in:\ns|l|o|t|m|a.\n\n--info Print debugging info.\n\nL List all format specifiers.\n\nV Print the procps-ng version.\n\n-V Print the procps-ng version.\n", "subsections": [ { "name": "--version", "content": "Print the procps-ng version.\n", "long": "--version" } ] }, "NOTES": { "content": "This ps works by reading the virtual files in /proc. This ps does not\nneed to be setuid kmem or have any privileges to run. Do not give this\nps any special permissions.\n\nCPU usage is currently expressed as the percentage of time spent\nrunning during the entire lifetime of a process. This is not ideal,\nand it does not conform to the standards that ps otherwise conforms to.\nCPU usage is unlikely to add up to exactly 100%.\n\nThe SIZE and RSS fields don't count some parts of a process including\nthe page tables, kernel stack, struct threadinfo, and struct\ntaskstruct. This is usually at least 20 KiB of memory that is always\nresident. SIZE is the virtual size of the process (code+data+stack).\n\nProcesses marked are dead processes (so-called \"zombies\")\nthat remain because their parent has not destroyed them properly.\nThese processes will be destroyed by init(8) if the parent process\nexits.\n\nIf the length of the username is greater than the length of the display\ncolumn, the username will be truncated. See the -o and -O formatting\noptions to customize length.\n\nCommands options such as ps -aux are not recommended as it is a\nconfusion of two different standards. According to the POSIX and UNIX\nstandards, the above command asks to display all processes with a TTY\n(generally the commands users are running) plus all processes owned by\na user named x. If that user doesn't exist, then ps will assume you\nreally meant ps aux.\n", "subsections": [] }, "PROCESS FLAGS": { "content": "The sum of these values is displayed in the \"F\" column, which is\nprovided by the flags output specifier:\n\n1 forked but didn't exec\n4 used super-user privileges\n", "subsections": [] }, "PROCESS STATE CODES": { "content": "Here are the different values that the s, stat and state output\nspecifiers (header \"STAT\" or \"S\") will display to describe the state of\na process:\n\nD uninterruptible sleep (usually IO)\nI Idle kernel thread\nR running or runnable (on run queue)\nS interruptible sleep (waiting for an event to complete)\nT stopped by job control signal\nt stopped by debugger during the tracing\nW paging (not valid since the 2.6.xx kernel)\nX dead (should never be seen)\nZ defunct (\"zombie\") process, terminated but not reaped by\nits parent\n\nFor BSD formats and when the stat keyword is used, additional\ncharacters may be displayed:\n\n< high-priority (not nice to other users)\nN low-priority (nice to other users)\nL has pages locked into memory (for real-time and custom IO)\ns is a session leader\nl is multi-threaded (using CLONETHREAD, like NPTL pthreads\ndo)\n+ is in the foreground process group\n", "subsections": [] }, "OBSOLETE SORT KEYS": { "content": "These keys are used by the BSD O option (when it is used for sorting).\nThe GNU --sort option doesn't use these keys, but the specifiers\ndescribed below in the STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section. Note that\nthe values used in sorting are the internal values ps uses and not the\n\"cooked\" values used in some of the output format fields (e.g. sorting\non tty will sort into device number, not according to the terminal name\ndisplayed). Pipe ps output into the sort(1) command if you want to\nsort the cooked values.\n\nKEY LONG DESCRIPTION\nc cmd simple name of executable\nC pcpu cpu utilization\nf flags flags as in long format F field\ng pgrp process group ID\nG tpgid controlling tty process group ID\nj cutime cumulative user time\nJ cstime cumulative system time\nk utime user time\nm minflt number of minor page faults\nM majflt number of major page faults\nn cminflt cumulative minor page faults\nN cmajflt cumulative major page faults\no session session ID\np pid process ID\nP ppid parent process ID\nr rss resident set size\nR resident resident pages\ns size memory size in kilobytes\nS share amount of shared pages\nt tty the device number of the controlling tty\nT starttime time process was started\nU uid user ID number\nu user user name\nv vsize total VM size in KiB\ny priority kernel scheduling priority\n", "subsections": [] }, "AIX FORMAT DESCRIPTORS": { "content": "This ps supports AIX format descriptors, which work somewhat like the\nformatting codes of printf(1) and printf(3). For example, the normal\ndefault output can be produced with this: ps -eo \"%p %y %x %c\". The\nNORMAL codes are described in the next section.\n\nCODE NORMAL HEADER\n%C pcpu %CPU\n%G group GROUP\n%P ppid PPID\n%U user USER\n%a args COMMAND\n%c comm COMMAND\n%g rgroup RGROUP\n%n nice NI\n%p pid PID\n%r pgid PGID\n%t etime ELAPSED\n%u ruser RUSER\n%x time TIME\n%y tty TTY\n%z vsz VSZ\n", "subsections": [] }, "STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS": { "content": "Here are the different keywords that may be used to control the output\nformat (e.g., with option -o) or to sort the selected processes with\nthe GNU-style --sort option.\n\nFor example: ps -eo pid,user,args --sort user\n\nThis version of ps tries to recognize most of the keywords used in\nother implementations of ps.\n\nThe following user-defined format specifiers may contain spaces: args,\ncmd, comm, command, fname, ucmd, ucomm, lstart, bsdstart, start.\n\nSome keywords may not be available for sorting.\n\nCODE HEADER DESCRIPTION\n\n%cpu %CPU cpu utilization of the process in \"##.#\" format.\nCurrently, it is the CPU time used divided by the\ntime the process has been running\n(cputime/realtime ratio), expressed as a\npercentage. It will not add up to 100% unless\nyou are lucky. (alias pcpu).\n\n%mem %MEM ratio of the process's resident set size to the\nphysical memory on the machine, expressed as a\npercentage. (alias pmem).\n\nargs COMMAND command with all its arguments as a string.\nModifications to the arguments may be shown. The\noutput in this column may contain spaces. A\nprocess marked is partly dead, waiting\nto be fully destroyed by its parent. Sometimes\nthe process args will be unavailable; when this\nhappens, ps will instead print the executable\nname in brackets. (alias cmd, command). See\nalso the comm format keyword, the -f option, and\nthe c option.\nWhen specified last, this column will extend to\nthe edge of the display. If ps can not determine\ndisplay width, as when output is redirected\n(piped) into a file or another command, the\noutput width is undefined (it may be 80,\nunlimited, determined by the TERM variable, and\nso on). The COLUMNS environment variable or\n--cols option may be used to exactly determine\nthe width in this case. The w or -w option may\nbe also be used to adjust width.\n\nblocked BLOCKED mask of the blocked signals, see signal(7).\nAccording to the width of the field, a 32 or\n64-bit mask in hexadecimal format is displayed.\n(alias sigblock, sigmask).\n\nbsdstart START time the command started. If the process was\nstarted less than 24 hours ago, the output format\nis \" HH:MM\", else it is \" Mmm:SS\" (where Mmm is\nthe three letters of the month). See also\nlstart, start, starttime, and stime.\n\nbsdtime TIME accumulated cpu time, user + system. The display\nformat is usually \"MMM:SS\", but can be shifted to\nthe right if the process used more than 999\nminutes of cpu time.\n\nc C processor utilization. Currently, this is the\ninteger value of the percent usage over the\nlifetime of the process. (see %cpu).\n\ncaught CAUGHT mask of the caught signals, see signal(7).\nAccording to the width of the field, a 32 or 64\nbits mask in hexadecimal format is displayed.\n(alias sigcatch, sigcatch).\n\ncgname CGNAME display name of control groups to which the\nprocess belongs.\n\ncgroup CGROUP display control groups to which the process\nbelongs.\n\nclass CLS scheduling class of the process. (alias policy,\ncls). Field's possible values are:\n\n- not reported\nTS SCHEDOTHER\nFF SCHEDFIFO\nRR SCHEDRR\nB SCHEDBATCH\nISO SCHEDISO\nIDL SCHEDIDLE\nDLN SCHEDDEADLINE\n? unknown value\n\ncls CLS scheduling class of the process. (alias policy,\ncls). Field's possible values are:\n\n- not reported\nTS SCHEDOTHER\nFF SCHEDFIFO\nRR SCHEDRR\nB SCHEDBATCH\nISO SCHEDISO\nIDL SCHEDIDLE\nDLN SCHEDDEADLINE\n? unknown value\n\ncmd CMD see args. (alias args, command).\n\ncomm COMMAND command name (only the executable name).\nModifications to the command name will not be\nshown. A process marked is partly\ndead, waiting to be fully destroyed by its\nparent. The output in this column may contain\nspaces. (alias ucmd, ucomm). See also the args\nformat keyword, the -f option, and the c option.\nWhen specified last, this column will extend to\nthe edge of the display. If ps can not determine\ndisplay width, as when output is redirected\n(piped) into a file or another command, the\noutput width is undefined (it may be 80,\nunlimited, determined by the TERM variable, and\nso on). The COLUMNS environment variable or\n--cols option may be used to exactly determine\nthe width in this case. The w or -w option may\nbe also be used to adjust width.\n\ncommand COMMAND See args. (alias args, command).\n\ncp CP per-mill (tenths of a percent) CPU usage. (see\n%cpu).\n\ncputime TIME cumulative CPU time, \"[DD-]hh:mm:ss\" format.\n(alias time).\n\ncputimes TIME cumulative CPU time in seconds (alias times).\n\ndrs DRS data resident set size, the amount of physical\nmemory devoted to other than executable code.\n\negid EGID effective group ID number of the process as a\ndecimal integer. (alias gid).\n\negroup EGROUP effective group ID of the process. This will be\nthe textual group ID, if it can be obtained and\nthe field width permits, or a decimal\nrepresentation otherwise. (alias group).\n\neip EIP instruction pointer.\n\nesp ESP stack pointer.\n\netime ELAPSED elapsed time since the process was started, in\nthe form [[DD-]hh:]mm:ss.\n\netimes ELAPSED elapsed time since the process was started, in\nseconds.\n\neuid EUID effective user ID (alias uid).\n\neuser EUSER effective user name. This will be the textual\nuser ID, if it can be obtained and the field\nwidth permits, or a decimal representation\notherwise. The n option can be used to force the\ndecimal representation. (alias uname, user).\n\nexe EXE path to the executable. Useful if path cannot be\nprinted via cmd, comm or args format options.\n\nf F flags associated with the process, see the\nPROCESS FLAGS section. (alias flag, flags).\n\nfgid FGID filesystem access group ID. (alias fsgid).\n\nfgroup FGROUP filesystem access group ID. This will be the\ntextual group ID, if it can be obtained and the\nfield width permits, or a decimal representation\notherwise. (alias fsgroup).\n\nflag F see f. (alias f, flags).\n\nflags F see f. (alias f, flag).\n\nfname COMMAND first 8 bytes of the base name of the process's\nexecutable file. The output in this column may\ncontain spaces.\n\nfuid FUID filesystem access user ID. (alias fsuid).\n\nfuser FUSER filesystem access user ID. This will be the\ntextual user ID, if it can be obtained and the\nfield width permits, or a decimal representation\notherwise.\n\ngid GID see egid. (alias egid).\n\ngroup GROUP see egroup. (alias egroup).\n\nignored IGNORED mask of the ignored signals, see signal(7).\nAccording to the width of the field, a 32 or 64\nbits mask in hexadecimal format is displayed.\n(alias sigignore, sigignore).\n\nipcns IPCNS Unique inode number describing the namespace the\nprocess belongs to. See namespaces(7).\n\nlabel LABEL security label, most commonly used for SELinux\ncontext data. This is for the Mandatory Access\nControl (\"MAC\") found on high-security systems.\n\nlstart STARTED time the command started. See also bsdstart,\nstart, starttime, and stime.\n\nlsession SESSION displays the login session identifier of a\nprocess, if systemd support has been included.\n\nluid LUID displays Login ID associated with a process.\n\nlwp LWP light weight process (thread) ID of the\ndispatchable entity (alias spid, tid). See tid\nfor additional information.\n\nlxc LXC The name of the lxc container within which a task\nis running. If a process is not running inside a\ncontainer, a dash ('-') will be shown.\n\nmachine MACHINE displays the machine name for processes assigned\nto VM or container, if systemd support has been\nincluded.\n\nmajflt MAJFLT The number of major page faults that have\noccurred with this process.\n\nminflt MINFLT The number of minor page faults that have\noccurred with this process.\n\nmntns MNTNS Unique inode number describing the namespace the\nprocess belongs to. See namespaces(7).\n\nnetns NETNS Unique inode number describing the namespace the\nprocess belongs to. See namespaces(7).\n\nni NI nice value. This ranges from 19 (nicest) to -20\n(not nice to others), see nice(1). (alias nice).\n\nnice NI see ni.(alias ni).\n\nnlwp NLWP number of lwps (threads) in the process. (alias\nthcount).\n\nnuma NUMA The node associated with the most recently used\nprocessor. A -1 means that NUMA information is\nunavailable.\n\nnwchan WCHAN address of the kernel function where the process\nis sleeping (use wchan if you want the kernel\nfunction name). Running tasks will display a\ndash ('-') in this column.\n\nouid OWNER displays the Unix user identifier of the owner of\nthe session of a process, if systemd support has\nbeen included.\n\npcpu %CPU see %cpu. (alias %cpu).\n\npending PENDING mask of the pending signals. See signal(7).\nSignals pending on the process are distinct from\nsignals pending on individual threads. Use the m\noption or the -m option to see both. According\nto the width of the field, a 32 or 64 bits mask\nin hexadecimal format is displayed. (alias sig).\n\npgid PGID process group ID or, equivalently, the process ID\nof the process group leader. (alias pgrp).\n\npgrp PGRP see pgid. (alias pgid).\n\npid PID a number representing the process ID (alias\ntgid).\n\npidns PIDNS Unique inode number describing the namespace the\nprocess belongs to. See namespaces(7).\n\npmem %MEM see %mem. (alias %mem).\n\npolicy POL scheduling class of the process. (alias class,\ncls). Possible values are:\n\n- not reported\nTS SCHEDOTHER\nFF SCHEDFIFO\nRR SCHEDRR\nB SCHEDBATCH\nISO SCHEDISO\nIDL SCHEDIDLE\nDLN SCHEDDEADLINE\n? unknown value\n\nppid PPID parent process ID.\n\npri PRI priority of the process. Higher number means\nlower priority.\n\npsr PSR processor that process is currently assigned to.\n\nrgid RGID real group ID.\n\nrgroup RGROUP real group name. This will be the textual group\nID, if it can be obtained and the field width\npermits, or a decimal representation otherwise.\n\nrss RSS resident set size, the non-swapped physical\nmemory that a task has used (in kilobytes).\n(alias rssize, rsz).\n\nrssize RSS see rss. (alias rss, rsz).\n\nrsz RSZ see rss. (alias rss, rssize).\n\nrtprio RTPRIO realtime priority.\n\nruid RUID real user ID.\n\nruser RUSER real user ID. This will be the textual user ID,\nif it can be obtained and the field width\npermits, or a decimal representation otherwise.\n\ns S minimal state display (one character). See\nsection PROCESS STATE CODES for the different\nvalues. See also stat if you want additional\ninformation displayed. (alias state).\n\nsched SCH scheduling policy of the process. The policies\nSCHEDOTHER (SCHEDNORMAL), SCHEDFIFO, SCHEDRR,\nSCHEDBATCH, SCHEDISO, SCHEDIDLE and\nSCHEDDEADLINE are respectively displayed as 0,\n1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.\n\nseat SEAT displays the identifier associated with all\nhardware devices assigned to a specific\nworkplace, if systemd support has been included.\n\nsess SESS session ID or, equivalently, the process ID of\nthe session leader. (alias session, sid).\n\nsgip P processor that the process is currently executing\non. Displays \"*\" if the process is not currently\nrunning or runnable.\n\nsgid SGID saved group ID. (alias svgid).\n\nsgroup SGROUP saved group name. This will be the textual group\nID, if it can be obtained and the field width\npermits, or a decimal representation otherwise.\n\nsid SID see sess. (alias sess, session).\n\nsig PENDING see pending. (alias pending, sigpend).\n\nsigcatch CAUGHT see caught. (alias caught, sigcatch).\n\nsigignore IGNORED see ignored. (alias ignored, sigignore).\n\nsigmask BLOCKED see blocked. (alias blocked, sigblock).\n\nsize SIZE approximate amount of swap space that would be\nrequired if the process were to dirty all\nwritable pages and then be swapped out. This\nnumber is very rough!\n\nslice SLICE displays the slice unit which a process belongs\nto, if systemd support has been included.\n\nspid SPID see lwp. (alias lwp, tid).\n\nstackp STACKP address of the bottom (start) of stack for the\nprocess.\n\nstart STARTED time the command started. If the process was\nstarted less than 24 hours ago, the output format\nis \"HH:MM:SS\", else it is \" Mmm dd\" (where Mmm\nis a three-letter month name). See also lstart,\nbsdstart, starttime, and stime.\n\nstarttime START starting time or date of the process. Only the\nyear will be displayed if the process was not\nstarted the same year ps was invoked, or \"MmmDD\"\nif it was not started the same day, or \"HH:MM\"\notherwise. See also bsdstart, start, lstart, and\nstime.\n\nstat STAT multi-character process state. See section\nPROCESS STATE CODES for the different values\nmeaning. See also s and state if you just want\nthe first character displayed.\n\nstate S see s. (alias s).\n\nstime STIME see starttime. (alias starttime).\n\nsuid SUID saved user ID. (alias svuid).\n\nsupgid SUPGID group ids of supplementary groups, if any. See\ngetgroups(2).\n\nsupgrp SUPGRP group names of supplementary groups, if any. See\ngetgroups(2).\n\nsuser SUSER saved user name. This will be the textual user\nID, if it can be obtained and the field width\npermits, or a decimal representation otherwise.\n(alias svuser).\n\nsvgid SVGID see sgid. (alias sgid).\n\nsvuid SVUID see suid. (alias suid).\n\nsz SZ size in physical pages of the core image of the\nprocess. This includes text, data, and stack\nspace. Device mappings are currently excluded;\nthis is subject to change. See vsz and rss.\n\ntgid TGID a number representing the thread group to which a\ntask belongs (alias pid). It is the process ID\nof the thread group leader.\n\nthcount THCNT see nlwp. (alias nlwp). number of kernel\nthreads owned by the process.\n\ntid TID the unique number representing a dispatchable\nentity (alias lwp, spid). This value may also\nappear as: a process ID (pid); a process group ID\n(pgrp); a session ID for the session leader\n(sid); a thread group ID for the thread group\nleader (tgid); and a tty process group ID for the\nprocess group leader (tpgid).\n\ntime TIME cumulative CPU time, \"[DD-]HH:MM:SS\" format.\n(alias cputime).\n\ntimes TIME cumulative CPU time in seconds (alias cputimes).\n\ntname TTY controlling tty (terminal). (alias tt, tty).\n\ntpgid TPGID ID of the foreground process group on the tty\n(terminal) that the process is connected to, or\n-1 if the process is not connected to a tty.\n\ntrs TRS text resident set size, the amount of physical\nmemory devoted to executable code.\n\ntt TT controlling tty (terminal). (alias tname, tty).\n\ntty TT controlling tty (terminal). (alias tname, tt).\n\nucmd CMD see comm. (alias comm, ucomm).\n\nucomm COMMAND see comm. (alias comm, ucmd).\n\nuid UID see euid. (alias euid).\n\nuname USER see euser. (alias euser, user).\n\nunit UNIT displays unit which a process belongs to, if\nsystemd support has been included.\n\nuser USER see euser. (alias euser, uname).\n\nuserns USERNS Unique inode number describing the namespace the\nprocess belongs to. See namespaces(7).\n\nutsns UTSNS Unique inode number describing the namespace the\nprocess belongs to. See namespaces(7).\n\nuunit UUNIT displays user unit which a process belongs to, if\nsystemd support has been included.\n\nvsize VSZ see vsz. (alias vsz).\n\nvsz VSZ virtual memory size of the process in KiB\n(1024-byte units). Device mappings are currently\nexcluded; this is subject to change. (alias\nvsize).\n\nwchan WCHAN name of the kernel function in which the process\nis sleeping, a \"-\" if the process is running, or\na \"*\" if the process is multi-threaded and ps is\nnot displaying threads.\n", "subsections": [] }, "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES": { "content": "The following environment variables could affect ps:\n\nCOLUMNS\nOverride default display width.\n\nLINES\nOverride default display height.\n\nPSPERSONALITY\nSet to one of posix, old, linux, bsd, sun, digital... (see section\nPERSONALITY below).\n\nCMDENV\nSet to one of posix, old, linux, bsd, sun, digital... (see section\nPERSONALITY below).\n\nIWANTABROKENPS\nForce obsolete command line interpretation.\n\nLCTIME\nDate format.\n\nPSCOLORS\nNot currently supported.\n\nPSFORMAT\nDefault output format override. You may set this to a format string\nof the type used for the -o option. The DefSysV and DefBSD values\nare particularly useful.\n\nPOSIXLYCORRECT\nDon't find excuses to ignore bad \"features\".\n\nPOSIX2\nWhen set to \"on\", acts as POSIXLYCORRECT.\n\nUNIX95\nDon't find excuses to ignore bad \"features\".\n\nXPG\nCancel CMDENV=irix non-standard behavior.\n\nIn general, it is a bad idea to set these variables. The one exception\nis CMDENV or PSPERSONALITY, which could be set to Linux for normal\nsystems. Without that setting, ps follows the useless and bad parts of\nthe Unix98 standard.\n", "subsections": [] }, "PERSONALITY": { "content": "390 like the OS/390 OpenEdition ps\naix like AIX ps\nbsd like FreeBSD ps (totally non-standard)\ncompaq like Digital Unix ps\ndebian like the old Debian ps\ndigital like Tru64 (was Digital Unix, was OSF/1) ps\ngnu like the old Debian ps\nhp like HP-UX ps\nhpux like HP-UX ps\nirix like Irix ps\nlinux * recommended *\nold like the original Linux ps (totally non-standard)\nos390 like OS/390 Open Edition ps\nposix standard\ns390 like OS/390 Open Edition ps\nsco like SCO ps\nsgi like Irix ps\nsolaris2 like Solaris 2+ (SunOS 5) ps\nsunos4 like SunOS 4 (Solaris 1) ps (totally non-standard)\nsvr4 standard\nsysv standard\ntru64 like Tru64 (was Digital Unix, was OSF/1) ps\nunix standard\nunix95 standard\nunix98 standard\n", "subsections": [] }, "SEE ALSO": { "content": "pgrep(1), pstree(1), top(1), proc(5).\n", "subsections": [] }, "STANDARDS": { "content": "This ps conforms to:\n\n1 Version 2 of the Single Unix Specification\n2 The Open Group Technical Standard Base Specifications, Issue 6\n3 IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition\n4 X/Open System Interfaces Extension [UP XSI]\n5 ISO/IEC 9945:2003\n", "subsections": [] }, "AUTHOR": { "content": "ps was originally written by Branko Lankester .\nMichael K. Johnson re-wrote it significantly to\nuse the proc filesystem, changing a few things in the process. Michael\nShields added the pid-list feature. Charles\nBlake added multi-level sorting, the dirent-style li-\nbrary, the device name-to-number mmaped database, the approximate bi-\nnary search directly on System.map, and many code and documentation\ncleanups. David Mossberger-Tang wrote the generic BFD support for\npsupdate. Albert Cahalan rewrote ps for full\nUnix98 and BSD support, along with some ugly hacks for obsolete and\nforeign syntax.\n\nPlease send bug reports to . No subscription is\nrequired or suggested.\n\nprocps-ng 2020-06-04 PS(1)", "subsections": [] } } } }