info > BUSYBOX

Che Dong

The user wants me to transform a BusyBox man page HTML into an emoji-rich, visually scannable version. Let me analyze the requirements: 1. Structure preservation - keep the original heading hierarchy 2. NEVER use

- start from

3. Section titles →

with ONE emoji prefix 4. Sub-sections →

with emoji prefix 5. ALL code MUST be wrapped in

...

6. No emoji inside code blocks 7. Use proper

for lists 8. For function reference sections: use
name(args) — description

, , tags 12. Add 🚀 Quick Reference as the second section (after NAME) 13. Keep under 128,000 characters This is a very long man page. Let me plan the structure: Sections to convert: - NAME - SYNTAX - DESCRIPTION - USAGE - COMMON OPTIONS - COMMANDS - COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS (this is huge - has all the applet details) - LIBC NSS - MAINTAINER - AUTHORS The COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS section is extremely long. I'll need to preserve all the content but format it properly. Let me structure it with h3 sub-sections for each command. Let me also add the 🚀 Quick Reference section after NAME. For the COMMANDS list (applet names), I should wrap it in
since it's a command listing. Let me start writing this. I need to be careful about: - Escaping < and > outside allowed tags - Code blocks must use- Not putting inside - Preserving structure The COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS section uses h3 for each applet, with description text and option lists. Let me draft this carefully. Given the size, I'll need to be efficient with formatting. Let me identify which content is code vs description: - The COMMANDS section listing all applet names is essentially a listing - wrap in - Each applet syntax line is code - wrap in - Option lists are not code, they're just text with dashes Wait - looking at the original, the option lists have format like: ``` -d Log to stderr, not log file (implies -f) ``` These look like they're indented lists. In the original they're plain text. I should probably format these as code blocks since they're showing command syntax/usage info. Actually, looking again, they're more like usage information. Let me put them in since they show command options and parameters. Actually, let me reconsider. The rule says "Code includes anything with: $variable, ->method, use Module;, function(), flags like -f --long". So options like -d, -f ARE code. They should be in . But that would make the output extremely verbose. Let me look at the original - the original man page has these as plain indented text. I think I'll put them in blocks since they represent command usage. Let me start. This is a huge page so I need to be efficient. Actually, looking more carefully at the structure, the option lists are typically formatted like man page usage. They're showing the command's options. I'll wrap them in blocks. For the COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS section, each applet gets: - with applet name and emoji - Brief description text - for syntax line - for options list Or I could use for options. Looking at the original format, it's tabular layout. I'll use for the syntax/options to preserve the structure. Let me begin building this. I'll need to organize by applet for the COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS section. For the COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS section, since this is a function reference, I should use the rule: "For function, method, and class reference sections: use name(args) — description format WITHOUT per-item emoji." But the original has detailed syntax lines and option lists for each command. The function reference rule is about listing functions/methods. Here each command has a full syntax with arguments and options. I think I should use h3 for each command and then preserve the detailed information. Actually, the rule is for "function lists" - long lists of functions. This COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS section is more like detailed reference for each function. I'll use h3 for each applet and format properly. Let me start building. I need to be efficient since this is huge content. Let me also note that the AUTHORS section has email addresses wrapped in tags. I need to preserve those. Let me carefully convert. I'll write it section by section. For the Quick Reference table, let me think of common use cases: - Get help for an applet: ` --help` - List all built-in applets: `busybox --list` or `busybox` (no args) - Run busybox as a specific applet: `busybox [args]` - Install busybox: `make CONFIG_PREFIX=/path install` - Configure: `make menuconfig` Actually, looking at busybox, common usage patterns are: - `busybox [args]` - run a specific applet - `busybox --list` - list all applets - `` - if symlinked - `make menuconfig` - configure - `make` - compile - `make install` - install Let me create a quick reference with these. Now let me start writing the HTML. I need to be careful about escaping characters. The original has many < and > characters that are part of the man page formatting (like in sh syntax, expr syntax, etc.). These need to be escaped. Let me write this systematically. I'll go section by section. Actually, given the enormous length, let me think about how to keep this under 128,000 characters while preserving key information. The COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS section alone is massive. Each command has detailed syntax and options. I need to keep all this content since rule 16 says "Preserve ALL original technical information — do NOT create new sections or content". So I need to format it all but stay under 128k characters. Let me be efficient with formatting - using compact tables where possible, minimal whitespace, tight code blocks. Let me start writing. For escaping - any < or > NOT part of an allowed tag must be escaped. So in code blocks, I need to escape them. But wait - rule 8 says "Code blocks MUST contain EXACT original code — NO changes, NO added links, NO emoji inside ". The original code already has < and > escaped in some places (like `busybox ` is shown as `busybox <applet>`). I need to preserve this escaping. Let me be careful here. The rule says "Before output, scan your entire response. Fix any bare < or > outside allowed tags." So in code blocks, I should keep the escaped versions as-is. In regular text outside code blocks, < and > must also be escaped. But wait - if a code block contains < (already escaped), should I leave it as-is or convert to actual < character? The rule says preserve original code, and the original has them escaped. I'll keep them as < in the code block. Actually, looking more carefully, since < in the source becomes < in the rendered HTML, and we want the rendered text to show , that's correct. Let me start writing the output now. 📛 NAME BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux 🚀 Quick Reference Use Case Command Description Run specific applet busybox <applet> [args] Invoke an applet via the busybox binary Run as symlink <applet> [args] Use busybox via a symlink (after install) List applets busybox List all compiled-in applets (no args) Configure build make menuconfig Interactive configuration Compile make Build busybox with current config Install make CONFIG_PREFIX=/path install Install to custom prefix Applet help <applet> --help Show terse applet usage 🔤 SYNTAX busybox <applet> [arguments...] # or <applet> [arguments...] # if symlinked 📖 DESCRIPTION BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the utilities you usually find in GNU coreutils, util-linux, etc. The utilities in BusyBox generally have fewer options than their full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much like their GNU counterparts. BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add /dev, /etc, and a Linux kernel. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment for any small or embedded system. BusyBox is extremely configurable. This allows you to include only the components you need, thereby reducing binary size. Run make config or make menuconfig to select the functionality that you wish to enable. Then run make to compile BusyBox using your configuration. After the compile has finished, you should use make install to install BusyBox. This will install the bin/busybox binary, in the target directory specified by CONFIG_PREFIX. CONFIG_PREFIX can be set when configuring BusyBox, or you can specify an alternative location at install time (i.e., with a command line like make CONFIG_PREFIX=/tmp/foo install). If you enabled any applet installation scheme (either as symlinks or hardlinks), these will also be installed in the location pointed to by CONFIG_PREFIX. 🔧 USAGE BusyBox is a multi-call binary. A multi-call binary is an executable program that performs the same job as more than one utility program. That means there is just a single BusyBox binary, but that single binary acts like a large number of utilities. This allows BusyBox to be smaller since all the built-in utility programs (we call them applets) can share code for many common operations. You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing a command as an argument on the command line. For example, entering /bin/busybox ls will also cause BusyBox to behave as ls. Of course, adding '/bin/busybox' into every command would be painful. So most people will invoke BusyBox using links to the BusyBox binary. For example, entering ln -s /bin/busybox ls ./ls will cause BusyBox to behave as ls (if the ls command has been compiled into BusyBox). Generally speaking, you should never need to make all these links yourself, as the BusyBox build system will do this for you when you run the make install command. If you invoke BusyBox with no arguments, it will provide you with a list of the applets that have been compiled into your BusyBox binary. ⚙️ COMMON OPTIONS Most BusyBox applets support the --help argument to provide a terse runtime description of their behavior. If the CONFIG_FEATURE_VERBOSE_USAGE option has been enabled, more detailed usage information will also be available. 📜 COMMANDS Currently available applets include: [, [[, acpid, adjtimex, ar, arch, arp, arping, ash, awk, basename, bc, blkdiscard, blockdev, brctl, bunzip2, busybox, bzcat, bzip2, cal, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chpasswd, chroot, chvt, clear, cmp, cp, cpio, crond, crontab, cttyhack, cut, date, dc, dd, deallocvt, depmod, devmem, df, diff, dirname, dmesg, dnsdomainname, dos2unix, dpkg, dpkg-deb, du, dumpkmap, dumpleases, echo, ed, egrep, env, expand, expr, factor, fallocate, false, fatattr, fdisk, fgrep, find, fold, free, freeramdisk, fsfreeze, fstrim, ftpget, ftpput, getopt, getty, grep, groups, gunzip, gzip, halt, head, hexdump, hostid, hostname, httpd, hwclock, i2cdetect, i2cdump, i2cget, i2cset, id, ifconfig, ifdown, ifup, init, insmod, ionice, ip, ipcalc, ipneigh, kill, killall, klogd, last, less, link, linux32, linux64, linuxrc, ln, loadfont, loadkmap, logger, login, logname, logread, losetup, ls, lsmod, lsscsi, lzcat, lzma, lzop, md5sum, mdev, microcom, mkdir, mkdosfs, mke2fs, mkfifo, mknod, mkpasswd, mkswap, mktemp, modinfo, modprobe, more, mount, mt, mv, nameif, nc, netstat, nl, nologin, nproc, nsenter, nslookup, nuke, od, openvt, partprobe, passwd, paste, patch, pidof, ping, ping6, pivot_root, poweroff, printf, ps, pwd, rdate, readlink, realpath, reboot, renice, reset, resume, rev, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, rpm, rpm2cpio, run-init, run-parts, sed, seq, setkeycodes, setpriv, setsid, sh, sha1sum, sha256sum, sha512sum, shred, shuf, sleep, sort, ssl_client, start-stop-daemon, stat, static-sh, strings, stty, su, sulogin, svc, svok, swapoff, swapon, switch_root, sync, sysctl, syslogd, tac, tail, tar, taskset, tc, tee, telnet, telnetd, test, tftp, time, timeout, top, touch, tr, traceroute, traceroute6, true, truncate, tty, tunctl, ubirename, udhcpc, udhcpd, uevent, umount, uname, uncompress, unexpand, uniq, unix2dos, unlink, unlzma, unshare, unxz, unzip, uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, vconfig, vi, w, watch, watchdog, wc, wget, which, who, whoami, xargs, xxd, xz, xzcat, yes, zcat 📚 COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS 🔌 acpid Listen to ACPI events and spawn specific helpers on event arrival acpid [-df] [-c CONFDIR] [-l LOGFILE] [-a ACTIONFILE] [-M MAPFILE] [-e PROC_EVENT_FILE] [-p PIDFILE] -d Log to stderr, not log file (implies -f) -f Run in foreground -c DIR Config directory [/etc/acpi] -e FILE /proc event file [/proc/acpi/event] -l FILE Log file [/var/log/acpid.log] -p FILE Pid file [/var/run/acpid.pid] -a FILE Action file [/etc/acpid.conf] -M FILE Map file [/etc/acpi.map] Accept and ignore compatibility options -g -m -s -S -v ⏰ adjtimex Read or set kernel time variables. See adjtimex(2) adjtimex [-q] [-o OFF] [-f FREQ] [-p TCONST] [-t TICK] -q Quiet -o OFF Time offset, microseconds -f FREQ Frequency adjust, integer kernel units (65536 is 1ppm) -t TICK Microseconds per tick, usually 10000 (positive -t or -f values make clock run faster) -p TCONST 📦 ar Extract or list FILES from an ar archive ar [-o] [-v] [-p] [-t] [-x] ARCHIVE FILES -o Preserve original dates -p Extract to stdout -t List -x Extract -v Verbose 🏗️ arch Print system architecture arch 🌐 arp Manipulate ARP cache arp [-vn] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -a [HOSTNAME] [-v] [-i IF] -d HOSTNAME [pub] [-v] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -s HOSTNAME HWADDR [temp] [-v] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -s HOSTNAME HWADDR [netmask MASK] pub [-v] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -Ds HOSTNAME IFACE [netmask MASK] pub -a Display (all) hosts -d Delete ARP entry -s Set new entry -v Verbose -n Don't resolve names -i IF Network interface -D Read HWADDR from IFACE -A,-p AF Protocol family -H HWTYPE Hardware address type 📡 arping Send ARP requests/replies arping [-fqbDUA] [-c CNT] [-w TIMEOUT] [-I IFACE] [-s SRC_IP] DST_IP -f Quit on first ARP reply -q Quiet -b Keep broadcasting, don't go unicast -D Exit with 1 if DST_IP replies -U Unsolicited ARP mode, update your neighbors -A ARP answer mode, update your neighbors -c N Stop after sending N ARP requests -w TIMEOUT Seconds to wait for ARP reply -I IFACE Interface to use (default eth0) -s SRC_IP Sender IP address DST_IP Target IP address 🐚 ash Unix shell interpreter ash [-/+OPTIONS] [-/+o OPT]... [-c 'SCRIPT' [ARG0 [ARGS]] / FILE [ARGS] / -s [ARGS]] 📝 awk Pattern scanning and processing language awk [OPTIONS] [AWK_PROGRAM] [FILE]... -v VAR=VAL Set variable -F SEP Use SEP as field separator -f FILE Read program from FILE -e AWK_PROGRAM 📂 basename Strip directory path and .SUFFIX from FILE basename FILE [SUFFIX] 🧮 bc Arbitrary precision calculator bc [-sqlw] FILE... -q Quiet -l Load standard math library -s Be POSIX compatible -w Warn if extensions are used $BC_LINE_LENGTH changes output width 💾 blkdiscard Discard sectors on DEVICE blkdiscard [-o OFS] [-l LEN] [-s] DEVICE -o OFS Byte offset into device -l LEN Number of bytes to discard -s Perform a secure discard 🔧 blockdev Call ioctl on a block device blockdev OPTION BLOCKDEV --setro Set ro --setrw Set rw --getro Get ro --getss Get sector size --getbsz Get block size --setbsz BYTES Set block size --getsz Get device size in 512-byte sectors --getsize64 Get device size in bytes --flushbufs Flush buffers --rereadpt Reread partition table 🌉 brctl Manage ethernet bridges brctl COMMAND [BRIDGE [INTERFACE]] addbr BRIDGE Create BRIDGE delbr BRIDGE Delete BRIDGE addif BRIDGE IFACE Add IFACE to BRIDGE delif BRIDGE IFACE Delete IFACE from BRIDGE 📦 bunzip2 Decompress FILEs (or stdin) bunzip2 [-cfk] [FILE]... -c Write to stdout -f Force -k Keep input files 📦 bzcat Decompress to stdout bzcat [FILE]... 📦 bzip2 Compress FILEs (or stdin) with bzip2 algorithm bzip2 [OPTIONS] [FILE]... -1..9 Compression level -d Decompress -t Test file integrity -c Write to stdout -f Force -k Keep input files 📅 cal Display a calendar cal [-jy] [[MONTH] YEAR] -j Use julian dates -y Display the entire year 📄 cat Print FILEs to stdout cat [-nbvteA] [FILE]... -n Number output lines -b Number nonempty lines -v Show nonprinting characters as ^x or M-x -t ...and tabs as ^I -e ...and end lines with $ -A Same as -vte 👥 chgrp Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP chgrp [-RhLHPcvf]... GROUP FILE... -R Recurse -h Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets -L Traverse all symlinks to directories -H Traverse symlinks on command line only -P Don't traverse symlinks (default) -c List changed files -v Verbose -f Hide errors 🔒 chmod Each MODE is one or more of the letters ugoa, one of the symbols +-= and one or more of the letters rwxst chmod [-Rcvf] MODE[,MODE]... FILE... -R Recurse -c List changed files -v List all files -f Hide errors 👤 chown Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to USER and/or GRP chown [-RhLHPcvf]... USER[:[GRP]] FILE... -R Recurse -h Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets -L Traverse all symlinks to directories -H Traverse symlinks on command line only -P Don't traverse symlinks (default) -c List changed files -v List all files -f Hide errors 🔑 chpasswd Read user:password from stdin and update /etc/passwd chpasswd [--md5|--encrypted|--crypt-method|--root] -e,--encrypted Supplied passwords are in encrypted form -m,--md5 Encrypt using md5, not des -c,--crypt-method ALG des,md5,sha256/512 (default sha256) -R,--root DIR Directory to chroot into 📁 chroot Run PROG with root directory set to NEWROOT chroot NEWROOT [PROG ARGS] 🖥️ chvt Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN chvt N 🧹 clear Clear screen clear 🔍 cmp Compare FILE1 with FILE2 (or stdin) cmp [-l] [-s] FILE1 [FILE2 [SKIP1 [SKIP2]]] -l Write the byte numbers (decimal) and values (octal) for all differing bytes -s Quiet 📋 cp Copy SOURCE(s) to DEST cp [OPTIONS] SOURCE... DEST -a Same as -dpR -R,-r Recurse -d,-P Preserve symlinks (default if -R) -L Follow all symlinks -H Follow symlinks on command line -p Preserve file attributes if possible -f Overwrite -i Prompt before overwrite -l,-s Create (sym)links -T Treat DEST as a normal file -u Copy only newer files 📦 cpio Extract (-i) or list (-t) files from a cpio archive, or take file list from stdin and create an archive (-o) cpio [-dmvu] [-F FILE] [-R USER[:GRP]] [-H newc] [-tio] [EXTR_FILE]... Main operation mode: -t List -i Extract EXTR_FILEs (or all) -o Create (requires -H newc) Options: -H newc Archive format -d Make leading directories -m Preserve mtime -v Verbose -u Overwrite -F FILE Input (-t,-i,-p) or output (-o) file -R USER[:GRP] Set owner of created files -L Dereference symlinks -0 Input is separated by NULs ⏰ crond Daemon to run scheduled commands crond -fbS -l N -L LOGFILE -c DIR -f Foreground -b Background (default) -S Log to syslog (default) -l N Set log level. Most verbose 0, default 8 -L FILE Log to FILE -c DIR Cron dir. Default:/var/spool/cron/crontabs 📅 crontab Manage individual user crontabs crontab [-c DIR] [-u USER] [-ler]|[FILE] -c Crontab directory -u User -l List crontab -e Edit crontab -r Delete crontab FILE Replace crontab by FILE ('-': stdin) 📺 cttyhack Give PROG a controlling tty if possible. Example for /etc/inittab (for busybox init): ::respawn:/bin/cttyhack /bin/sh Giving controlling tty to shell running with PID 1: $ exec cttyhack sh Starting interactive shell from boot shell script: setsid cttyhack sh Example for /etc/inittab (for busybox init): ::respawn:/bin/cttyhack /bin/sh. Giving controlling tty to shell running with PID 1: $ exec cttyhack sh. ✂️ cut Print selected fields from each input FILE to stdout cut [OPTIONS] [FILE]... -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST -c LIST Output only characters from LIST -d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter -s Output only the lines containing delimiter -f N Print only these fields -n Ignored 📅 date Display time (using +FMT), or set time date [OPTIONS] [+FMT] [TIME] [-s,--set] TIME Set time to TIME -u,--utc Work in UTC (don't convert to local time) -R,--rfc-2822 Output RFC-2822 compliant date string -I[SPEC] Output ISO-8601 compliant date string SPEC='date' (default) for date only, 'hours', 'minutes', or 'seconds' for date and time to the indicated precision -r,--reference FILE Display last modification time of FILE -d,--date TIME Display TIME, not 'now' -D FMT Use FMT for -d TIME conversion Recognized TIME formats: hh:mm[:ss] [YYYY.]MM.DD-hh:mm[:ss] YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm[:ss] [[[[[YY]YY]MM]DD]hh]mm[.ss] 'date TIME' form accepts MMDDhhmm[[YY]YY][.ss] instead 🧮 dc Tiny RPN calculator. Operations: +, -, *, /, %, ~, ^, |, p - print top of the stack without popping f - print entire stack k - pop the value and set the precision i - pop the value and set input radix o - pop the value and set output radix. Examples: dc -e'2 2 + p' > 4, dc -e'8 8 * 2 2 + / p' > 16 dc [-x] [-eSCRIPT]... [-fFILE]... [FILE]... 💾 dd Copy a file with converting and formatting dd [if=FILE] [of=FILE] [ibs=N obs=N/bs=N] [count=N] [skip=N] [seek=N] [conv=notrunc|noerror|sync|fsync] [iflag=skip_bytes|fullblock] [oflag=seek_bytes] if=FILE Read from FILE instead of stdin of=FILE Write to FILE instead of stdout bs=N Read and write N bytes at a time ibs=N Read N bytes at a time obs=N Write N bytes at a time count=N Copy only N input blocks skip=N Skip N input blocks seek=N Skip N output blocks conv=notrunc Don't truncate output file conv=noerror Continue after read errors conv=sync Pad blocks with zeros conv=fsync Physically write data out before finishing conv=swab Swap every pair of bytes iflag=skip_bytes skip=N is in bytes iflag=fullblock Read full blocks oflag=seek_bytes seek=N is in bytes status=noxfer Suppress rate output status=none Suppress all output N may be suffixed by c (1), w (2), b (512), kB (1000), k (1024), MB, M, GB, G 🖥️ deallocvt Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN deallocvt [N] 🧩 depmod Generate modules.dep, alias, and symbols files depmod [-n] [-b BASE] [VERSION] [MODFILES]... -b BASE Use BASE/lib/modules/VERSION -n Dry run: print files to stdout 🔧 devmem Read/write from physical address devmem ADDRESS [WIDTH [VALUE]] ADDRESS Address to act upon WIDTH Width (8/16/...) VALUE Data to be written 💽 df Print filesystem usage statistics df [-PkmhTai] [-B SIZE] [FILESYSTEM]... -P POSIX output format -k 1024-byte blocks (default) -m 1M-byte blocks -h Human readable (e.g. 1K 243M 2G) -T Print filesystem type -a Show all filesystems -i Inodes -B SIZE Blocksize 🔍 diff Compare files line by line and output the differences between them. This implementation supports unified diffs only. diff [-abBdiNqrTstw] [-L LABEL] [-S FILE] [-U LINES] FILE1 FILE2 -a Treat all files as text -b Ignore changes in the amount of whitespace -B Ignore changes whose lines are all blank -d Try hard to find a smaller set of changes -i Ignore case differences -L Use LABEL instead of the filename in the unified header -N Treat absent files as empty -q Output only whether files differ -r Recurse -S Start with FILE when comparing directories -T Make tabs line up by prefixing a tab when necessary -s Report when two files are the same -t Expand tabs to spaces in output -U Output LINES lines of context -w Ignore all whitespace 📂 dirname Strip non-directory suffix from FILENAME dirname FILENAME 📜 dmesg Print or control the kernel ring buffer dmesg [-c] [-n LEVEL] [-s SIZE] -c Clear ring buffer after printing -n LEVEL Set console logging level -s SIZE Buffer size -r Print raw message buffer 🔄 dos2unix Convert FILE in-place from DOS to Unix format. When no file is given, use stdin/stdout. dos2unix [-ud] [FILE] -u dos2unix -d unix2dos 📦 dpkg Install, remove and manage Debian packages dpkg [-ilCPru] [-F OPT] PACKAGE -i,--install Install the package -l,--list List of installed packages --configure Configure an unpackaged package -P,--purge Purge all files of a package -r,--remove Remove all but the configuration files for a package --unpack Unpack a package, but don't configure it --force-depends Ignore dependency problems --force-confnew Overwrite existing config files when installing --force-confold Keep old config files when installing 📦 dpkg-deb Perform actions on Debian packages (.deb) dpkg-deb [-cefxX] FILE [DIR] -c List files -f Print control fields -e Extract control files to DIR (default: ./DEBIAN) -x Extract files to DIR (no default) -X Verbose -x 💽 du Summarize disk space used for each FILE and/or directory du [-aHLdclsxhmk] [FILE]... -a Show file sizes too -L Follow all symlinks -H Follow symlinks on command line -d N Limit output to directories (and files with -a) of depth < N -c Show grand total -l Count sizes many times if hard linked -s Display only a total for each argument -x Skip directories on different filesystems -h Sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G) -m Sizes in megabytes -k Sizes in kilobytes (default) ⌨️ dumpkmap Print a binary keyboard translation table to stdout dumpkmap > keymap 📋 dumpleases Display DHCP leases granted by udhcpd dumpleases [-r|-a] [-d] [-f LEASEFILE] -f,--file FILE Lease file -r,--remaining Show remaining time -a,--absolute Show expiration time -d,--decimal Show time in seconds 🔊 echo Print the specified ARGs to stdout echo [-neE] [ARG]... -n Suppress trailing newline -e Interpret backslash escapes (i.e., \t=tab) -E Don't interpret backslash escapes (default) ✏️ ed Line editor ed [FILE] 🌍 env Print the current environment or run PROG after setting up the specified environment env [-iu] [-] [name=value]... [PROG ARGS] -, -i Start with an empty environment -u Remove variable from the environment ↔️ expand Convert tabs to spaces, writing to stdout expand [-i] [-t N] [FILE]... -i Don't convert tabs after non blanks -t Tabstops every N chars 🧮 expr Print the value of EXPRESSION to stdout. EXPRESSION may be: expr EXPRESSION ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 ARG1 < ARG2 1 if ARG1 is less than ARG2, else 0. Similarly: ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 Sum of ARG1 and ARG2. Similarly: ARG1 - ARG2 ARG1 * ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 STRING : REGEXP Anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP Same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH Substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS Index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING Length of STRING quote TOKEN Interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like 'match' or an operator like '/' (EXPRESSION) Value of EXPRESSION Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between $ and $ or null; if $ and $ are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. 🔢 factor Print prime factors factor [NUMBER]... 💾 fallocate Preallocate space for FILE fallocate [-o OFS] -l LEN FILE -o OFS Offset of range -l LEN Length of range 🏷️ fatattr Change file attributes on FAT filesystem fatattr [-+rhsvda] FILE... - Clear attributes + Set attributes r Read only h Hidden s System v Volume label d Directory a Archive 💽 fdisk Change partition table fdisk [-ul] [-C CYLINDERS] [-H HEADS] [-S SECTORS] [-b SSZ] DISK -u Start and End are in sectors (instead of cylinders) -l Show partition table for each DISK, then exit -b 2048 (for certain MO disks) use 2048-byte sectors -C CYLINDERS Set number of cylinders/heads/sectors -H HEADS Typically 255 -S SECTORS Typically 63 🔍 find Search for files and perform actions on them. First failed action stops processing of current file. Defaults: PATH is current directory, action is '-print' find [-HL] [PATH]... [OPTIONS] [ACTIONS] -L,-follow Follow symlinks -H ...on command line only -xdev Don't descend directories on other filesystems -maxdepth N Descend at most N levels. -maxdepth 0 applies actions to command line arguments only -mindepth N Don't act on first N levels -depth Act on directory *after* traversing it Actions: ( ACTIONS ) Group actions for -o / -a ! ACT Invert ACT's success/failure ACT1 [-a] ACT2 If ACT1 fails, stop, else do ACT2 ACT1 -o ACT2 If ACT1 succeeds, stop, else do ACT2 Note: -a has higher priority than -o -name PATTERN Match file name (w/o directory name) to PATTERN -iname PATTERN Case insensitive -name -path PATTERN Match path to PATTERN -ipath PATTERN Case insensitive -path -regex PATTERN Match path to regex PATTERN -type X File type is X (one of: f,d,l,b,c,s,p) -executable File is executable -perm MASK At least one mask bit (+MASK), all bits (-MASK), or exactly MASK bits are set in file's mode -mtime DAYS mtime is greater than (+N), less than (-N), or exactly N days in the past -mmin MINS mtime is greater than (+N), less than (-N), or exactly N minutes in the past -newer FILE mtime is more recent than FILE's -inum N File has inode number N -user NAME/ID File is owned by given user -group NAME/ID File is owned by given group -size N[bck] File size is N (c:bytes,k:kbytes,b:512 bytes(def.)) +/-N: file size is bigger/smaller than N -links N Number of links is greater than (+N), less than (-N), or exactly N -prune If current file is directory, don't descend into it If none of the following actions is specified, -print is assumed -print Print file name -print0 Print file name, NUL terminated -exec CMD ARG ; Run CMD with all instances of {} replaced by file name. Fails if CMD exits with nonzero -exec CMD ARG + Run CMD with {} replaced by list of file names -quit Exit 📄 fold Wrap input lines in each FILE (or stdin), writing to stdout fold [-bs] [-w WIDTH] [FILE]... -b Count bytes rather than columns -s Break at spaces -w Use WIDTH columns instead of 80 🧠 free Display the amount of free and used system memory free [-b/k/m/g] 💾 freeramdisk Free all memory used by the specified ramdisk freeramdisk DEVICE ❄️ fsfreeze Flush and halt writes to MOUNTPOINT fsfreeze --[un]freeze MOUNTPOINT ✂️ fstrim Discard unused blocks on a mounted filesystem fstrim [OPTIONS] MOUNTPOINT -o,--offset OFFSET Offset in bytes to discard from -l,--length LEN Bytes to discard -m,--minimum MIN Minimum extent length -v,--verbose Print number of discarded bytes 📥 ftpget Download a file via FTP ftpget [OPTIONS] HOST [LOCAL_FILE] REMOTE_FILE -c Continue previous transfer -v Verbose -u USER Username -p PASS Password -P NUM Port 📤 ftpput Upload a file to a FTP server ftpput [OPTIONS] HOST [REMOTE_FILE] LOCAL_FILE -v Verbose -u USER Username -p PASS Password -P NUM Port number 🔧 getopt Parse command options getopt [OPTIONS] [--] OPTSTRING PARAMS -a Allow long options starting with single - -l LOPT[,...] Long options to recognize -n PROGNAME The name under which errors are reported -o OPTSTRING Short options to recognize -q No error messages on unrecognized options -Q No normal output -s SHELL Set shell quoting conventions -T Version test (exits with 4) -u Don't quote output Example: O=`getopt -l bb: -- ab:c:: "$@"` || exit 1 eval set -- "$O" while true; do case "$1" in -a) echo A; shift;; -b|--bb) echo "B:'$2'"; shift 2;; -c) case "$2" in "") echo C; shift 2;; *) echo "C:'$2'"; shift 2;; esac;; --) shift; break;; *) echo Error; exit 1;; esac done 📞 getty Open TTY, prompt for login name, then invoke /bin/login getty [OPTIONS] BAUD_RATE[,BAUD_RATE]... TTY [TERMTYPE] -h Enable hardware RTS/CTS flow control -L Set CLOCAL (ignore Carrier Detect state) -m Get baud rate from modem's CONNECT status message -n Don't prompt for login name -w Wait for CR or LF before sending /etc/issue -i Don't display /etc/issue -f ISSUE_FILE Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue -l LOGIN Invoke LOGIN instead of /bin/login -t SEC Terminate after SEC if no login name is read -I INITSTR Send INITSTR before anything else -H HOST Log HOST into the utmp file as the hostname BAUD_RATE of 0 leaves it unchanged 🔍 grep Search for PATTERN in FILEs (or stdin) grep [-HhnlLoqvsriwFEz] [-m N] [-A/B/C N] PATTERN/-e PATTERN.../-f FILE [FILE]... -H Add 'filename:' prefix -h Do not add 'filename:' prefix -n Add 'line_no:' prefix -l Show only names of files that match -L Show only names of files that don't match -c Show only count of matching lines -o Show only the matching part of line -q Quiet. Return 0 if PATTERN is found, 1 otherwise -v Select non-matching lines -s Suppress open and read errors -r Recurse -i Ignore case -w Match whole words only -x Match whole lines only -F PATTERN is a literal (not regexp) -E PATTERN is an extended regexp -z Input is NUL terminated -m N Match up to N times per file -A N Print N lines of trailing context -B N Print N lines of leading context -C N Same as '-A N -B N' -e PTRN Pattern to match -f FILE Read pattern from file 👥 groups Print the group memberships of USER or for the current process groups [USER] 📦 gunzip Decompress FILEs (or stdin) gunzip [-cfkt] [FILE]... -c Write to stdout -f Force -k Keep input files -t Test file integrity 📦 gzip Compress FILEs (or stdin) gzip [-cfkdt] [FILE]... -d Decompress -t Test file integrity -c Write to stdout -f Force -k Keep input files ⏹️ halt Halt the system halt [-d DELAY] [-n] [-f] [-w] -d SEC Delay interval -n Do not sync -f Force (don't go through init) -w Only write a wtmp record 📄 head Print first 10 lines of each FILE (or stdin) to stdout. With more than one FILE, precede each with a filename header. head [OPTIONS] [FILE]... -n N[kbm] Print first N lines -n -N[kbm] Print all except N last lines -c [-]N[kbm] Print first N bytes -q Never print headers -v Always print headers N may be suffixed by k (x1024), b (x512), or m (x1024^2). 🔢 hexdump Display FILEs (or stdin) in a user specified format hexdump [-bcCdefnosvx] [FILE]... -b 1-byte octal display -c 1-byte character display -d 2-byte decimal display -o 2-byte octal display -x 2-byte hex display -C hex+ASCII 16 bytes per line -v Show all (no dup folding) -e FORMAT_STR Example: '16/1 "%02x|""\n"' -f FORMAT_FILE -n LENGTH Show only first LENGTH bytes -s OFFSET Skip OFFSET bytes 🆔 hostid Print out a unique 32-bit identifier for the machine hostid 🏷️ hostname Get or set hostname or DNS domain name hostname [OPTIONS] [HOSTNAME | -F FILE] -s Short -i Addresses for the hostname -d DNS domain name -f Fully qualified domain name -F FILE Use FILE's content as hostname 🌐 httpd Listen for incoming HTTP requests httpd [-ifv[v]] [-c CONFFILE] [-p [IP:]PORT] [-u USER[:GRP]] [-r REALM] [-h HOME] or httpd -d/-e/-m STRING -i Inetd mode -f Don't daemonize -v[v] Verbose -p [IP:]PORT Bind to IP:PORT (default *:80) -u USER[:GRP] Set uid/gid after binding to port -r REALM Authentication Realm for Basic Authentication -h HOME Home directory (default .) -c FILE Configuration file (default {/etc,HOME}/httpd.conf) -m STRING MD5 crypt STRING -e STRING HTML encode STRING -d STRING URL decode STRING ⏰ hwclock Query and set hardware clock (RTC) hwclock [-r|--show] [-s|--hctosys] [-w|--systohc] [--systz] [--localtime] [-u|--utc] [-f|--rtc FILE] -r Show hardware clock time -s Set system time from hardware clock -w Set hardware clock from system time --systz Set in-kernel timezone, correct system time if hardware clock is in local time -u Assume hardware clock is kept in UTC --localtime Assume hardware clock is kept in local time -f FILE Use specified device (e.g. /dev/rtc2) 🔌 i2cdetect Detect I2C chips i2cdetect -l | -F I2CBUS | [-ya] [-q|-r] I2CBUS [FIRST LAST] -l List installed buses -F BUS# List functionalities on this bus -y Disable interactive mode -a Force scanning of non-regular addresses -q Use smbus quick write commands for probing (default) -r Use smbus read byte commands for probing FIRST and LAST limit probing range 🔌 i2cdump Examine I2C registers i2cdump [-fy] [-r FIRST-LAST] BUS ADDR [MODE] I2CBUS I2C bus number ADDRESS 0x03-0x77 MODE is: b Byte (default) w Word W Word on even register addresses i I2C block s SMBus block c Consecutive byte Append p for SMBus PEC -f Force access -y Disable interactive mode -r Limit the number of registers being accessed 🔌 i2cget Read from I2C/SMBus chip registers i2cget [-fy] BUS CHIP-ADDRESS [DATA-ADDRESS [MODE]] I2CBUS I2C bus number ADDRESS 0x03-0x77 MODE is: b Read byte data (default) w Read word data c Write byte/read byte Append p for SMBus PEC -f Force access -y Disable interactive mode 🔌 i2cset Set I2C registers i2cset [-fy] [-m MASK] BUS CHIP-ADDRESS DATA-ADDRESS [VALUE] ... [MODE] I2CBUS I2C bus number ADDRESS 0x03-0x77 MODE is: c Byte, no value b Byte data (default) w Word data i I2C block data s SMBus block data Append p for SMBus PEC -f Force access -y Disable interactive mode -r Read back and compare the result -m MASK Mask specifying which bits to write 🆔 id Print information about USER or the current user id [OPTIONS] [USER] -u User ID -g Group ID -G Supplementary group IDs -n Print names instead of numbers -r Print real ID instead of effective ID 🌐 ifconfig Configure a network interface ifconfig [-a] interface [address] [add ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]] [del ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]] [[-]broadcast [ADDRESS]] [[-]pointopoint [ADDRESS]] [netmask ADDRESS] [dstaddr ADDRESS] [outfill NN] [keepalive NN] [hw ether|infiniband ADDRESS] [metric NN] [mtu NN] [[-]trailers] [[-]arp] [[-]allmulti] [multicast] [[-]promisc] [txqueuelen NN] [[-]dynamic] [mem_start NN] [io_addr NN] [irq NN] [up|down] ... ⬇️ ifdown Bring a network interface down ifdown [-anmvf] [-i FILE] IFACE... -a Deconfigure all interfaces -i FILE Use FILE for interface definitions -n Print out what would happen, but don't do it (note: doesn't disable mappings) -m Don't run any mappings -v Print out what would happen before doing it -f Force deconfiguration ⬆️ ifup Bring a network interface up ifup [-anmvf] [-i FILE] IFACE... -a Configure all interfaces -i FILE Use FILE instead of /etc/network/interfaces -n Print out what would happen, but don't do it (note: doesn't disable mappings) -m Don't run any mappings -v Print out what would happen before doing it -f Force configuration 🚀 init Init is the first process started during boot. It never exits. It (re)spawns children according to /etc/inittab. init 🧩 insmod Load kernel module insmod FILE [SYMBOL=VALUE]... ⚡ ionice Change I/O priority and class ionice [-c 1-3] [-n 0-7] [-p PID] [PROG] -c Class. 1:realtime 2:best-effort 3:idle -n Priority 🌐 ip Show or manipulate routing, network devices, interfaces and tunnels ip [OPTIONS] address|route|link|tunnel|neigh|rule [ARGS] OPTIONS := -f[amily] inet|inet6|link | -o[neline] ip addr add|del IFADDR dev IFACE | show|flush [dev IFACE] [to PREFIX] ip route list|flush|add|del|change|append|replace|test ROUTE ip link set IFACE [up|down] [arp on|off] [multicast on|off] [promisc on|off] [mtu NUM] [name NAME] [qlen NUM] [address MAC] [master IFACE | nomaster] ip tunnel add|change|del|show [NAME] [mode ipip|gre|sit] [remote ADDR] [local ADDR] [ttl TTL] ip neigh show|flush [to PREFIX] [dev DEV] [nud STATE] ip rule [list] | add|del SELECTOR ACTION 🧮 ipcalc Calculate and display network settings from IP address ipcalc [OPTIONS] ADDRESS[/PREFIX] [NETMASK] -b Broadcast address -n Network address -m Default netmask for IP -p Prefix for IP/NETMASK -h Resolved host name -s No error messages 🌐 ipneigh IP neighbor table manipulation ipneigh show|flush [to PREFIX] [dev DEV] [nud STATE] 💀 kill Send a signal (default: TERM) to given PIDs kill [-l] [-SIG] PID... -l List all signal names and numbers 💀 killall Send a signal (default: TERM) to given processes killall [-l] [-q] [-SIG] PROCESS_NAME... -l List all signal names and numbers -q Don't complain if no processes were killed 📜 klogd Log kernel messages to syslog klogd [-c N] [-n] -c N Print to console messages more urgent than prio N (1-8) -n Run in foreground 👤 last Show listing of the last users that logged into the system last 📖 less View FILE (or stdin) one screenful at a time less [-EFIMmNSRh~] [FILE]... -E Quit once the end of a file is reached -F Quit if entire file fits on first screen -I Ignore case in all searches -M,-m Display status line with line numbers and percentage through the file -N Prefix line number to each line -S Truncate long lines -R Remove color escape codes in input -~ Suppress ~s displayed past EOF 🔗 link Create hard LINK to FILE link FILE LINK 🔗 ln Create a link LINK or DIR/TARGET to the specified TARGET(s) ln [OPTIONS] TARGET... LINK|DIR -s Make symlinks instead of hardlinks -f Remove existing destinations -n Don't dereference symlinks - treat like normal file -b Make a backup of the target (if exists) before link operation -S suf Use suffix instead of ~ when making backup files -T 2nd arg must be a DIR -v Verbose 🔤 loadfont Load a console font from stdin loadfont < font ⌨️ loadkmap Load a binary keyboard translation table from stdin loadkmap < keymap 📝 logger Write MESSAGE (or stdin) to syslog logger [OPTIONS] [MESSAGE] -s Log to stderr as well as the system log -t TAG Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name) -p PRIO Priority (numeric or facility.level pair) 🔐 login Begin a new session on the system login [-p] [-h HOST] [[-f] USER] -f Don't authenticate (user already authenticated) -h HOST Host user came from (for network logins) -p Preserve environment 👤 logname Print the name of the current user logname 📜 logread Show messages in syslogd's circular buffer logread [-fF] -f Output data as log grows -F Same as -f, but dump buffer first 💾 losetup Set up and control loop devices losetup [-r] [-o OFS] {-f|LOOPDEV} FILE - associate loop devices losetup -d LOOPDEV - disassociate losetup -a - show status losetup -f - show next free loop device -o OFS Start OFS bytes into FILE -r Read-only -f Show/use next free loop device 📂 ls List directory contents ls [-1AaCxdLHRFplinshrSXvctu] [-w WIDTH] [FILE]... -1 One column output -a Include entries which start with . -A Like -a, but exclude . and .. -x List by lines -d List directory entries instead of contents -L Follow symlinks -H Follow symlinks on command line -R Recurse -p Append / to dir entries -F Append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries -l Long listing format -i List inode numbers -n List numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names -s List allocated blocks -lc List ctime -lu List atime --full-time List full date and time -h Human readable sizes (1K 243M 2G) --group-directories-first -S Sort by size -X Sort by extension -v Sort by version -t Sort by mtime -tc Sort by ctime -tu Sort by atime -r Reverse sort order -w N Format N columns wide --color[={always,never,auto}] Control coloring 🧩 lsmod List loaded kernel modules lsmod 📦 lzcat Decompress to stdout lzcat [FILE]... 📦 lzma Decompress FILE (or stdin) lzma -d [-cfk] [FILE]... -d Decompress -c Write to stdout -f Force -k Keep input files 📦 lzop Compress or decompress FILEs (or stdin) lzop [-cfUvd123456789CF] [FILE]... -1..9 Compression level -d Decompress -c Write to stdout -f Force -U Delete input files -v Verbose -F Don't store or verify checksum -C Also write checksum of compressed block 🔐 md5sum Print or check MD5 checksums md5sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]... -c Check sums against list in FILEs -s Don't output anything, status code shows success -w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines 🔌 mdev mdev -s is to be run during boot to scan /sys and populate /dev. mdev [-s] Bare mdev is a kernel hotplug helper. To activate it: echo /sbin/mdev >/proc/sys/kernel/hotplug It uses /etc/mdev.conf with lines [-][ENV=regex;]...DEVNAME UID:GID PERM [>|=PATH]|[!] [@|$|*PROG] where DEVNAME is device name regex, @major,minor[-minor2], or environment variable regex. A common use of the latter is to load modules for hotplugged devices: $MODALIAS=.* 0:0 660 @modprobe "$MODALIAS" If /dev/mdev.seq file exists, mdev will wait for its value to match $SEQNUM variable. This prevents plug/unplug races. To activate this feature, create empty /dev/mdev.seq at boot. If /dev/mdev.log file exists, debug log will be appended to it. 📡 microcom Copy bytes for stdin to TTY and from TTY to stdout microcom [-d DELAY] [-t TIMEOUT] [-s SPEED] [-X] TTY -d Wait up to DELAY ms for TTY output before sending every next byte to it -t Exit if both stdin and TTY are silent for TIMEOUT ms -s Set serial line to SPEED -X Disable special meaning of NUL and Ctrl-X from stdin 📁 mkdir Create DIRECTORY mkdir [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY... -m MODE Mode -p No error if exists; make parent directories as needed 💾 mkdosfs Make a FAT32 filesystem mkdosfs [-v] [-n LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES] -v Verbose -n LBL Volume label 💾 mke2fs Create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem mke2fs [-Fn] [-b BLK_SIZE] [-i INODE_RATIO] [-I INODE_SIZE] [-m RESERVED_PERCENT] [-L LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES] -b BLK_SIZE Block size, bytes -F Force -i RATIO Max number of files is filesystem_size / RATIO -I BYTES Inode size (min 128) -L LBL Volume label -m PERCENT Percent of blocks to reserve for admin -n Dry run 📁 mkfifo Create named pipe mkfifo [-m MODE] NAME -m MODE Mode (default a=rw) 🔧 mknod Create a special file (block, character, or pipe) mknod [-m MODE] NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] -m MODE Creation mode (default a=rw) TYPE: b Block device c or u Character device p Named pipe (MAJOR MINOR must be omitted) 🔑 mkpasswd Print crypt(3) hashed PASSWORD mkpasswd [OPTIONS] [PASSWORD] [SALT] -P,--password-fd N Read password from fd N -m,--method TYPE des,md5,sha256/512 (default sha256) -S,--salt SALT 💾 mkswap Prepare BLOCKDEV to be used as swap partition mkswap [-L LBL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES] -L LBL Label 📄 mktemp Create a temporary file with name based on TEMPLATE and print its name. TEMPLATE must end with XXXXXX (e.g. [/dir/]nameXXXXXX). Without TEMPLATE, -t tmp.XXXXXX is assumed. mktemp [-dt] [-p DIR] [TEMPLATE] -d Make directory, not file -q Fail silently on errors -t Prepend base directory name to TEMPLATE -p DIR Use DIR as a base directory (implies -t) -u Do not create anything; print a name Base directory is: -p DIR, else $TMPDIR, else /tmp 🧩 modinfo Show information about a kernel module modinfo [-adlpn0] [-F keyword] MODULE -a Shortcut for '-F author' -d Shortcut for '-F description' -l Shortcut for '-F license' -p Shortcut for '-F parm' -F keyword Keyword to look for -0 Separate output with NULs 🧩 modprobe Add or remove modules from the Linux kernel modprobe [-alrqvsDb] MODULE [SYMBOL=VALUE]... -a Load multiple MODULEs -l List (MODULE is a pattern) -r Remove MODULE (stacks) or do autoclean -q Quiet -v Verbose -s Log to syslog -D Show dependencies -b Apply blacklist to module names too 📖 more View FILE (or stdin) one screenful at a time more [FILE]... 📂 mount Mount a filesystem. Filesystem autodetection requires /proc. mount [OPTIONS] [-o OPT] DEVICE NODE -a Mount all filesystems in fstab -f Dry run -i Don't run mount helper -r Read-only mount -t FSTYPE[,...] Filesystem type(s) -T FILE Read FILE instead of /etc/fstab -O OPT Mount only filesystems with option OPT (-a only) -o OPT: loop Ignored (loop devices are autodetected) [a]sync Writes are [a]synchronous [no]atime Disable/enable updates to inode access times [no]diratime Disable/enable atime updates to directories [no]relatime Disable/enable atime updates relative to modification time [no]dev (Dis)allow use of special device files [no]exec (Dis)allow use of executable files [no]suid (Dis)allow set-user-id-root programs [r]shared Convert [recursively] to a shared subtree [r]slave Convert [recursively] to a slave subtree [r]private Convert [recursively] to a private subtree [un]bindable Make mount point [un]able to be bind mounted [r]bind Bind a file or directory [recursively] to another location move Relocate an existing mount point remount Remount a mounted filesystem, changing flags ro Same as -r There are filesystem-specific -o flags. 📼 mt Control magnetic tape drive operation mt [-f device] opcode value Available Opcodes: bsf bsfm bsr bss datacompression drvbuffer eof eom erase fsf fsfm fsr fss load lock mkpart nop offline ras1 ras2 ras3 reset retension rewind rewoffline seek setblk setdensity setpart tell unload unlock weof wset 📂 mv Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY mv [-fin] SOURCE DEST or: mv [-fin] SOURCE... DIRECTORY -f Don't prompt before overwriting -i Interactive, prompt before overwrite -n Don't overwrite an existing file 🏷️ nameif Rename network interface while it in the down state. The device with address HWADDR is renamed to IFACE. nameif [-s] [-c FILE] [IFNAME HWADDR]... -c FILE Configuration file (default: /etc/mactab) -s Log to syslog 🌐 nc Open a pipe to IP:PORT or FILE nc [-iN] [-wN] [-l] [-p PORT] [-f FILE|IPADDR PORT] [-e PROG] -l Listen mode, for inbound connects (use -ll with -e for persistent server) -p PORT Local port -w SEC Connect timeout -i SEC Delay interval for lines sent -f FILE Use file (ala /dev/ttyS0) instead of network -e PROG Run PROG after connect 🌐 netstat Display networking information netstat [-ral] [-tuwx] [-en] -r Routing table -a All sockets -l Listening sockets Else: connected sockets -t TCP sockets -u UDP sockets -w Raw sockets -x Unix sockets Else: all socket types -e Other/more information -n Don't resolve names 📄 nl Write FILEs to standard output with line numbers added nl [OPTIONS] [FILE]... -b STYLE Which lines to number - a: all, t: nonempty, n: none -i N Line number increment -s STRING Use STRING as line number separator -v N Start from N -w N Width of line numbers 🚫 nologin Politely refuse a login nologin 🧮 nproc Print number of available CPUs nproc --all --ignore=N --all Number of installed CPUs --ignore=N Exclude N CPUs 📦 nsenter Run program with namespaces of other processes nsenter [OPTIONS] [PROG [ARGS]] -t PID Target process to get namespaces from -m[FILE] Enter mount namespace -u[FILE] Enter UTS namespace (hostname etc) -i[FILE] Enter System V IPC namespace -n[FILE] Enter network namespace -p[FILE] Enter pid namespace -U[FILE] Enter user namespace -S UID Set uid in entered namespace -G GID Set gid in entered namespace --preserve-credentials Don't touch uids or gids -r[DIR] Set root directory -w[DIR] Set working directory -F Don't fork before exec'ing PROG 🌍 nslookup Query DNS about HOST nslookup [-type=QUERY_TYPE] [-debug] HOST [DNS_SERVER] QUERY_TYPE: soa,ns,a,aaaa,cname,mx,txt,ptr,any 💥 nuke Remove DIRs nuke DIR... 🔢 od Print FILEs (or stdin) unambiguously, as octal bytes by default od [-abcdfhilovxs] [-t TYPE] [-A RADIX] [-N SIZE] [-j SKIP] [-S MINSTR] [-w WIDTH] [FILE]... 🖥️ openvt Start PROG on a new virtual terminal openvt [-c N] [-sw] [PROG ARGS] -c N Use specified VT -s Switch to the VT -w Wait for PROG to exit 💽 partprobe Ask kernel to rescan partition table partprobe DEVICE... 🔑 passwd Change USER's password (default: current user) passwd [OPTIONS] [USER] -a ALG des,md5,sha256/512 (default sha256) -d Set password to '' -l Lock (disable) account -u Unlock (enable) account 📋 paste Paste lines from each input file, separated with tab paste [OPTIONS] [FILE]... -d LIST Use delimiters from LIST, not tab -s Serial: one file at a time 🩹 patch Apply a patch to a file patch [OPTIONS] [ORIGFILE [PATCHFILE]] -p N Strip N leading components from file names -i DIFF Read DIFF instead of stdin -R Reverse patch -N Ignore already applied patches -E Remove output files if they become empty --dry-run Don't actually change files 🆔 pidof List PIDs of all processes with names that match NAMEs pidof [NAME]... 📡 ping Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts ping [OPTIONS] HOST -4,-6 Force IP or IPv6 name resolution -c CNT Send only CNT pings -s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default 56) -i SECS Interval -A Ping as soon as reply is recevied -t TTL Set TTL -I IFACE/IP Source interface or IP address -W SEC Seconds to wait for the first response (default 10) (after all -c CNT packets are sent) -w SEC Seconds until ping exits (default:infinite) (can exit earlier with -c CNT) -q Quiet, only display output at start and when finished -p HEXBYTE Pattern to use for payload 📡 ping6 Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts ping6 [OPTIONS] HOST -c CNT Send only CNT pings -s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default 56) -i SECS Interval -A Ping as soon as reply is recevied -I IFACE/IP Source interface or IP address -q Quiet, only display output at start and when finished -p HEXBYTE Pattern to use for payload 📁 pivot_root Move the current root file system to PUT_OLD and make NEW_ROOT the new root file system pivot_root NEW_ROOT PUT_OLD ⏹️ poweroff Halt and shut off power poweroff [-d DELAY] [-n] [-f] -d SEC Delay interval -n Do not sync -f Force (don't go through init) 📝 printf Format and print ARG(s) according to FORMAT (a-la C printf) printf FORMAT [ARG]... 📊 ps Show list of processes ps [-o COL1,COL2=HEADER] [-T] -o COL1,COL2=HEADER Select columns for display -T Show threads 📂 pwd Print the full filename of the current working directory pwd 📅 rdate Set and print time from HOST using RFC 868 rdate [-s/-p] HOST -s Only set system time -p Only print time 🔗 readlink Display the value of a symlink readlink [-fnv] FILE -f Canonicalize by following all symlinks -n Don't add newline -v Verbose 📁 realpath Return the absolute pathnames of given FILE realpath FILE... 🔄 reboot Reboot the system reboot [-d DELAY] [-n] [-f] -d SEC Delay interval -n Do not sync -f Force (don't go through init) ⚡ renice Change scheduling priority of a running process renice [-n] PRIORITY [[-p | -g | -u] ID...]... -n Add PRIORITY to current nice value Without -n, nice value is set to PRIORITY -p Process ids (default) -g Process group ids -u Process user names 🧹 reset Reset the screen reset 💤 resume Restore system state from 'suspend-to-disk' data in BLOCKDEV resume BLOCKDEV [OFFSET] 🔄 rev Reverse lines of FILE rev [FILE]... 🗑️ rm Remove (unlink) FILEs rm [-irf] FILE... -i Always prompt before removing -f Never prompt -R,-r Recurse 📁 rmdir Remove DIRECTORY if it is empty rmdir [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY... -p Include parents --ignore-fail-on-non-empty 🧩 rmmod Unload kernel modules rmmod [-wfa] [MODULE]... -w Wait until the module is no longer used -f Force unload -a Remove all unused modules (recursively) 🌐 route Edit kernel routing tables route [{add|del|delete}] -n Don't resolve names -e Display other/more information -A inet{6} Select address family 📦 rpm Manipulate RPM packages rpm -i PACKAGE.rpm; rpm -qp[ildc] PACKAGE.rpm Commands: -i Install package -qp Query package -qpi Show information -qpl List contents -qpd List documents -qpc List config files 📦 rpm2cpio Output a cpio archive of the rpm file rpm2cpio PACKAGE.rpm 🚀 run-init Free initramfs and switch to another root fs: chroot to NEW_ROOT, delete all in /, move NEW_ROOT to /, execute NEW_INIT. PID must be 1. NEW_ROOT must be a mountpoint. run-init [-d CAP,CAP...] [-n] [-c CONSOLE_DEV] NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT [ARGS] -c DEV Reopen stdio to DEV after switch -d CAPS Drop capabilities -n Dry run ▶️ run-parts Run a bunch of scripts in DIRECTORY run-parts [-a ARG]... [-u UMASK] [--reverse] [--test] [--exit-on-error] DIRECTORY -a ARG Pass ARG as argument to scripts -u UMASK Set UMASK before running scripts --reverse Reverse execution order --test Dry run --exit-on-error Exit if a script exits with non-zero ✏️ sed Stream editor sed [-i[SFX]] [-nrE] [-f FILE]... [-e CMD]... [FILE]... or: sed [-i[SFX]] [-nrE] CMD [FILE]... -e CMD Add CMD to sed commands to be executed -f FILE Add FILE contents to sed commands to be executed -i[SFX] Edit files in-place (otherwise sends to stdout) Optionally back files up, appending SFX -n Suppress automatic printing of pattern space -r,-E Use extended regex syntax If no -e or -f, the first non-option argument is the sed command string. Remaining arguments are input files (stdin if none). 🔢 seq Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INC. FIRST, INC default to 1. seq [-w] [-s SEP] [FIRST [INC]] LAST -w Pad to last with leading zeros -s SEP String separator ⌨️ setkeycodes Modify kernel's scancode-to-keycode map, allowing unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes. SCANCODE is either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), KEYCODE is decimal. setkeycodes { SCANCODE KEYCODE }... 🔐 setpriv Run PROG with different privilege settings setpriv [OPTIONS] PROG [ARGS] -d,--dump Show current capabilities --nnp,--no-new-privs Ignore setuid/setgid bits and file capabilities --inh-caps CAP,CAP Set inheritable capabilities --ambient-caps CAP,CAP Set ambient capabilities 🖥️ setsid Run PROG in a new session. PROG will have no controlling terminal and will not be affected by keyboard signals (^C etc). setsid [-c] PROG ARGS -c Set controlling terminal to stdin 🐚 sh Unix shell interpreter sh [-/+OPTIONS] [-/+o OPT]... [-c 'SCRIPT' [ARG0 [ARGS]] / FILE [ARGS] / -s [ARGS]] 🔐 sha1sum Print or check SHA1 checksums sha1sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]... -c Check sums against list in FILEs -s Don't output anything, status code shows success -w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines 🔐 sha256sum Print or check SHA256 checksums sha256sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]... -c Check sums against list in FILEs -s Don't output anything, status code shows success -w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines 🔐 sha512sum Print or check SHA512 checksums sha512sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]... -c Check sums against list in FILEs -s Don't output anything, status code shows success -w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines 🗑️ shred Overwrite/delete FILEs shred FILE... -f Chmod to ensure writability -n N Overwrite N times (default 3) -z Final overwrite with zeros -u Remove file 🔀 shuf Randomly permute lines shuf [-e|-i L-H] [-n NUM] [-o FILE] [-z] [FILE|ARG...] -e Treat ARGs as lines -i L-H Treat numbers L-H as lines -n NUM Output at most NUM lines -o FILE Write to FILE, not standard output -z End lines with zero byte, not newline 😴 sleep Pause for a time equal to the total of the args given, where each arg can have an optional suffix of seconds, minutes, hours, or days sleep [N]... 📊 sort Sort lines of text sort [-nrugMcszbdfiokt] [-o FILE] [-k start[.offset][opts][,end[.offset][opts]] [-t CHAR] [FILE]... -o FILE Output to FILE -c Check whether input is sorted -b Ignore leading blanks -f Ignore case -i Ignore unprintable characters -d Dictionary order (blank or alphanumeric only) -n Sort numbers -g General numerical sort -M Sort month -V Sort version -t CHAR Field separator -k N[,M] Sort by Nth field -r Reverse sort order -s Stable (don't sort ties alphabetically) -u Suppress duplicate lines -z Lines are terminated by NUL, not newline 🔐 ssl_client TLS/SSL client ssl_client [-e] -s FD [-r FD] [-n SNI] 🔧 start-stop-daemon Search for matching processes, and then -K: stop all matching processes, -S: start a process unless a matching process is found start-stop-daemon [OPTIONS] [-S|-K] ... [-- ARGS...] Process matching: -u USERNAME|UID Match only this user's processes -n NAME Match processes with NAME in comm field in /proc/PID/stat -x EXECUTABLE Match processes with this command command in /proc/PID/cmdline -p FILE Match a process with PID from FILE All specified conditions must match -S only: -x EXECUTABLE Program to run -a NAME Zeroth argument -b Background -N N Change nice level -c USER[:[GRP]] Change user/group -m Write PID to pidfile specified by -p -K only: -s SIG Signal to send -t Match only, exit with 0 if found Other: -o Exit with status 0 if nothing is done -v Verbose -q Quiet 📊 stat Display file (default) or filesystem status stat [OPTIONS] FILE... -c FMT Use the specified format -f Display filesystem status -L Follow links -t Terse display FMT sequences for files: %a Access rights in octal %A Access rights in human readable form %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) %B Size in bytes of each block reported by %b %d Device number in decimal %D Device number in hex %f Raw mode in hex %F File type %g Group ID %G Group name %h Number of hard links %i Inode number %n File name %N File name, with -> TARGET if symlink %o I/O block size %s Total size in bytes %t Major device type in hex %T Minor device type in hex %u User ID %U User name %x Time of last access %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch %y Time of last modification %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch %z Time of last change %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch FMT sequences for file systems: %a Free blocks available to non-superuser %b Total data blocks %c Total file nodes %d Free file nodes %f Free blocks %i File System ID in hex %l Maximum length of filenames %n File name %s Block size (for faster transfer) %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) %t Type in hex %T Type in human readable form 📝 strings Display printable strings in a binary file strings [-fo] [-t o/d/x] [-n LEN] [FILE]... -f Precede strings with filenames -o Precede strings with octal offsets -t o/d/x Precede strings with offsets in base 8/10/16 -n LEN At least LEN characters form a string (default 4) 📞 stty Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane stty [-a|g] [-F DEVICE] [SETTING]... -F DEVICE Open device instead of stdin -a Print all current settings in human-readable form -g Print in stty-readable form [SETTING] See manpage 👤 su Run shell under USER (by default, root) su [-lmp] [-] [-s SH] [USER [SCRIPT ARGS / -c 'CMD' ARG0 ARGS]] -,-l Clear environment, go to home dir, run shell as login shell -p,-m Do not set new $HOME, $SHELL, $USER, $LOGNAME -c CMD Command to pass to 'sh -c' -s SH Shell to use instead of user's default 🔐 sulogin Single user login sulogin [-t N] [TTY] -t N Timeout 🔧 svc Control services monitored by runsv supervisor svc [-udopchaitkx] SERVICE_DIR... -u If service is not running, start it; restart if it stops -d If service is running, send TERM+CONT signals; do not restart it -o Once: if service is not running, start it; do not restart it -pchaitk Send STOP, CONT, HUP, ALRM, INT, TERM, KILL signal to service -x Exit: runsv will exit as soon as the service is down ✅ svok Check whether runsv supervisor is running. Exit code is 0 if it does, 100 if it does not, 111 (with error message) if SERVICE_DIR does not exist. svok SERVICE_DIR 💾 swapoff Stop swapping on DEVICE swapoff [-a] [DEVICE] -a Stop swapping on all swap devices 💾 swapon Start swapping on DEVICE swapon [-a] [-e] [-d[POL]] [DEVICE] -a Start swapping on all swap devices -d[POL] Discard blocks at swapon (POL=once), as freed (POL=pages), or both (POL omitted) -e Silently skip devices that do not exist 🔄 switch_root Free initramfs and switch to another root fs: chroot to NEW_ROOT, delete all in /, move NEW_ROOT to /, execute NEW_INIT. PID must be 1. NEW_ROOT must be a mountpoint. switch_root [-c CONSOLE_DEV] NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT [ARGS] -c DEV Reopen stdio to DEV after switch 💾 sync Write all buffered blocks (in FILEs) to disk sync [-df] [FILE]... -d Avoid syncing metadata -f Sync filesystems underlying FILEs 🔧 sysctl Show/set kernel parameters sysctl -p [-enq] [FILE...] / [-enqaw] [KEY[=VALUE]]... -p Set values from FILEs (default /etc/sysctl.conf) -e Don't warn about unknown keys -n Don't show key names -q Quiet -a Show all values -w Set values 📜 syslogd System logging utility (this version of syslogd ignores /etc/syslog.conf) syslogd [OPTIONS] -n Run in foreground -R HOST[:PORT] Log to HOST:PORT (default PORT:514) -L Log locally and via network (default is network only if -R) -C[size_kb] Log to shared mem buffer (use logread to read it) -O FILE Log to FILE (default: /var/log/messages, stdout if -) -l N Log only messages more urgent than prio N (1-8) -S Smaller output -t Strip client-generated timestamps 🔄 tac Concatenate FILEs and print them in reverse tac [FILE]... 📄 tail Print last 10 lines of each FILE (or stdin) to stdout. With more than one FILE, precede each with a filename header. tail [OPTIONS] [FILE]... -f Print data as file grows -c [+]N[kbm] Print last N bytes -n N[kbm] Print last N lines -n +N[kbm] Start on Nth line and print the rest -q Never print headers -s SECONDS Wait SECONDS between reads with -f -v Always print headers -F Same as -f, but keep retrying N may be suffixed by k (x1024), b (x512), or m (x1024^2). 📦 tar Create, extract, or list files from a tar file tar c|x|t [-ZzJjahmvokO] [-f TARFILE] [-C DIR] [FILE]... c Create x Extract t List -f FILE Name of TARFILE ('-' for stdin/out) -C DIR Change to DIR before operation -v Verbose -O Extract to stdout -m Don't restore mtime -o Don't restore user:group -k Don't replace existing files -Z (De)compress using compress -z (De)compress using gzip -J (De)compress using xz -j (De)compress using bzip2 -a (De)compress using lzma -h Follow symlinks ⚡ taskset Set or get CPU affinity taskset [-p] [HEXMASK] PID | PROG ARGS -p Operate on an existing PID 🌐 tc Traffic control tc OBJECT CMD [dev STRING] OBJECT: qdisc|class|filter CMD: add|del|change|replace|show qdisc [handle QHANDLE] [root|ingress|parent CLASSID] [[QDISC_KIND] [help|OPTIONS]] QDISC_KIND := [p|b]fifo|tbf|prio|cbq|red|etc. qdisc show [dev STRING] [ingress] class [classid CLASSID] [root|parent CLASSID] [[QDISC_KIND] [help|OPTIONS] ] class show [ dev STRING ] [root|parent CLASSID] filter [pref PRIO] [protocol PROTO] [root|classid CLASSID] [handle FILTERID] [[FILTER_TYPE] [help|OPTIONS]] filter show [dev STRING] [root|classid CLASSID] 📋 tee Copy stdin to each FILE, and also to stdout tee [-ai] [FILE]... -a Append to the given FILEs, don't overwrite -i Ignore interrupt signals (SIGINT) 📞 telnet Connect to telnet server telnet [-a] [-l USER] HOST [PORT] -a Automatic login with $USER variable -l USER Automatic login as USER 📞 telnetd Handle incoming telnet connections telnetd [OPTIONS] -l LOGIN Exec LOGIN on connect -f ISSUE_FILE Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue -K Close connection as soon as login exits (normally wait until all programs close slave pty) -p PORT Port to listen on -b ADDR[:PORT] Address to bind to -F Run in foreground -i Inetd mode 📡 tftp Transfer a file from/to tftp server tftp [OPTIONS] HOST [PORT] -l FILE Local FILE -r FILE Remote FILE -g Get file -p Put file -b SIZE Transfer blocks of SIZE octets ⏱️ time Run PROG, display resource usage when it exits time [-vpa] [-o FILE] PROG ARGS -v Verbose -p POSIX output format -f FMT Custom format -o FILE Write result to FILE -a Append (else overwrite) ⏱️ timeout Runs PROG. Sends SIG to it if it is not gone in SECS seconds. Default SIG: TERM. timeout [-s SIG] SECS PROG ARGS 📊 top Provide a view of process activity in real time. Read the status of all processes from /proc each SECONDS and display a screenful of them. Keys: N/M/P/T: sort by pid/mem/cpu/time, R: reverse sort, H: toggle threads, Q,^C: exit top [-b] [-nCOUNT] [-dSECONDS] -b Batch mode -n N Exit after N iterations -d N Delay between updates ✏️ touch Update the last-modified date on the given FILE[s] touch [-c] [-d DATE] [-t DATE] [-r FILE] FILE... -c Don't create files -h Don't follow links -d DT Date/time to use -t DT Date/time to use -r FILE Use FILE's date/time 🔤 tr Translate, squeeze, or delete characters from stdin, writing to stdout tr [-cds] STRING1 [STRING2] -c Take complement of STRING1 -d Delete input characters coded STRING1 -s Squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character 🌐 traceroute Trace the route to HOST traceroute [-46FIlnrv] [-f 1ST_TTL] [-m MAXTTL] [-q PROBES] [-p PORT] [-t TOS] [-w WAIT_SEC] [-s SRC_IP] [-i IFACE] [-z PAUSE_MSEC] HOST [BYTES] -4,-6 Force IP or IPv6 name resolution -F Set don't fragment bit -l Display TTL value of the returned packet -n Print numeric addresses -r Bypass routing tables, send directly to HOST -v Verbose -f N First number of hops (default 1) -m N Max number of hops -q N Number of probes per hop (default 3) -p N Base UDP port number used in probes (default 33434) -s IP Source address -i IFACE Source interface -t N Type-of-service in probe packets (default 0) -w SEC Time to wait for a response (default 3) -g IP Loose source route gateway (8 max) 🌐 traceroute6 Trace the route to HOST traceroute6 [-nrv] [-m MAXTTL] [-q PROBES] [-p PORT] [-t TOS] [-w WAIT_SEC] [-s SRC_IP] [-i IFACE] HOST [BYTES] -n Print numeric addresses -r Bypass routing tables, send directly to HOST -v Verbose -m N Max number of hops -q N Number of probes per hop (default 3) -p N Base UDP port number used in probes (default 33434) -s IP Source address -i IFACE Source interface -t N Type-of-service in probe packets (default 0) -w SEC Time wait for a response (default 3) ✂️ truncate Truncate FILEs to the given size truncate [-c] -s SIZE FILE... -c Do not create files -s SIZE Truncate to SIZE 📟 tty Print file name of stdin's terminal tty -s Print nothing, only return exit status 🌐 tunctl Create or delete tun interfaces tunctl [-f device] ([-t name] | -d name) -f name tun device (/dev/net/tun) -t name Create iface 'name' -d name Delete iface 'name' 🏷️ ubirename Rename UBI volumes on UBI_DEVICE ubirename UBI_DEVICE OLD_VOLNAME NEW_VOLNAME [OLD2 NEW2]... 🌐 udhcpc DHCP client udhcpc [-fbqRB] [-a[MSEC]] [-t N] [-T SEC] [-A SEC/-n] [-i IFACE] [-s PROG] [-p PIDFILE] [-oC] [-r IP] [-V VENDOR] [-F NAME] [-x OPT:VAL]... [-O OPT]... -i IFACE Interface to use (default eth0) -s PROG Run PROG at DHCP events (default /etc/udhcpc/default.script) -p FILE Create pidfile -B Request broadcast replies -t N Send up to N discover packets (default 3) -T SEC Pause between packets (default 3) -A SEC Wait if lease is not obtained (default 20) -n Exit if lease is not obtained -q Exit after obtaining lease -R Release IP on exit -f Run in foreground -b Background if lease is not obtained -S Log to syslog too -a[MSEC] Validate offered address with ARP ping -r IP Request this IP address -o Don't request any options (unless -O is given) -O OPT Request option OPT from server (cumulative) -x OPT:VAL Include option OPT in sent packets (cumulative) Examples of string, numeric, and hex byte opts: -x hostname:bbox - option 12 -x lease:3600 - option 51 (lease time) -x 0x3d:0100BEEFC0FFEE - option 61 (client id) -x 14:'"dumpfile"' - option 14 (shell-quoted) -F NAME Ask server to update DNS mapping for NAME -V VENDOR Vendor identifier (default 'udhcp VERSION') -C Don't send MAC as client identifier Signals: USR1 Renew lease USR2 Release lease 🌐 udhcpd DHCP server udhcpd [-fS] [-I ADDR] [CONFFILE] -f Run in foreground -S Log to syslog too -I ADDR Local address -a MSEC Timeout for ARP ping (default 2000) 📡 uevent uevent runs PROG for every netlink notification. PROG's environment contains data passed from the kernel. Typical usage (daemon for dynamic device node creation): # uevent mdev & mdev -s uevent [PROG [ARGS]] 📂 umount Unmount file systems umount [OPTIONS] FILESYSTEM|DIRECTORY -a Unmount all file systems -r Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy -l Lazy umount (detach filesystem) -f Force umount (i.e., unreachable NFS server) -d Free loop device if it has been used -t FSTYPE[,...] Unmount only these filesystem type(s) 🖥️ uname Print system information uname [-amnrspvio] -a Print all -m The machine (hardware) type -n Hostname -r Kernel release -s Kernel name (default) -p Processor type -v Kernel version -i The hardware platform -o OS name 📦 uncompress Decompress .Z file[s] uncompress [-cf] [FILE]... -c Write to stdout -f Overwrite ↔️ unexpand Convert spaces to tabs, writing to stdout unexpand [-fa][-t N] [FILE]... -a Convert all blanks -f Convert only leading blanks -t N Tabstops every N chars 📄 uniq Discard duplicate lines uniq [-cdu][-f,s,w N] [INPUT [OUTPUT]] -c Prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d Only print duplicate lines -u Only print unique lines -i Ignore case -f N Skip first N fields -s N Skip first N chars (after any skipped fields) -w N Compare N characters in line 🔄 unix2dos Convert FILE in-place from Unix to DOS format. When no file is given, use stdin/stdout. unix2dos [-ud] [FILE] -u dos2unix -d unix2dos 🗑️ unlink Delete FILE by calling unlink() unlink FILE 📦 unlzma Decompress FILE (or stdin) unlzma [-cfk] [FILE]... -c Write to stdout -f Force -k Keep input files 📦 unshare Run program with some namespaces unshared from parent unshare [OPTIONS] [PROG [ARGS]] -m,--mount[=FILE] Unshare mount namespace -u,--uts[=FILE] Unshare UTS namespace (hostname etc.) -i,--ipc[=FILE] Unshare System V IPC namespace -n,--net[=FILE] Unshare network namespace -p,--pid[=FILE] Unshare PID namespace -U,--user[=FILE] Unshare user namespace -f,--fork Fork before execing PROG -r,--map-root-user Map current user to root (implies -U) --mount-proc[=DIR] Mount /proc filesystem first (implies -m) --propagation slave|shared|private|unchanged Modify mount propagation in mount namespace --setgroups allow|deny Control the setgroups syscall in user namespaces 📦 unxz Decompress FILE (or stdin) unxz [-cfk] [FILE]... -c Write to stdout -f Force -k Keep input files 📦 unzip Extract FILEs from ZIP archive unzip [-lnojpq] FILE[.zip] [FILE]... [-x FILE...] [-d DIR] -l List contents (with -q for short form) -n Never overwrite files (default: ask) -o Overwrite -j Do not restore paths -p Print to stdout -q Quiet -x FILE Exclude FILEs -d DIR Extract into DIR ⏱️ uptime Display the time since the last boot uptime 😴 usleep Pause for N microseconds usleep N 📦 uudecode Uudecode a file. Finds OUTFILE in uuencoded source unless -o is given uudecode [-o OUTFILE] [INFILE] 📦 uuencode Uuencode FILE (or stdin) to stdout uuencode [-m] [FILE] STORED_FILENAME -m Use base64 encoding per RFC1521 🌐 vconfig Create and remove virtual ethernet devices vconfig COMMAND [OPTIONS] add IFACE VLAN_ID rem VLAN_NAME set_flag IFACE 0|1 VLAN_QOS set_egress_map VLAN_NAME SKB_PRIO VLAN_QOS set_ingress_map VLAN_NAME SKB_PRIO VLAN_QOS set_name_type NAME_TYPE ✏️ vi Edit FILE vi [OPTIONS] [FILE]... -c CMD Initial command to run ($EXINIT also available) -R Read-only -H List available features 👥 w Show who is logged on w 👁️ watch Run PROG periodically watch [-n SEC] [-t] PROG ARGS -n Loop period in seconds (default 2) -t Don't print header ⏱️ watchdog Periodically write to watchdog device DEV. Use 500ms to specify period in milliseconds watchdog [-t N[ms]] [-T N[ms]] [-F] DEV -T N Reboot after N seconds if not reset (default 60) -t N Reset every N seconds (default 30) -F Run in foreground 📊 wc Count lines, words, and bytes for each FILE (or stdin) wc [-cmlwL] [FILE]... -c Count bytes -m Count characters -l Count newlines -w Count words -L Print longest line length 🌐 wget Retrieve files via HTTP or FTP wget [-c|--continue] [--spider] [-q|--quiet] [-O|--output-document FILE] [--header 'header: value'] [-Y|--proxy on/off] [-P DIR] [--no-check-certificate] [-S|--server-response] [-U|--user-agent AGENT] URL... --spider Only check URL existence: $? is 0 if exists --no-check-certificate Don't validate the server's certificate -c Continue retrieval of aborted transfer -q Quiet -P DIR Save to DIR (default .) -S Show server response -O FILE Save to FILE ('-' for stdout) -U STR Use STR for User-Agent header -Y on/off Use proxy 🔍 which Locate a COMMAND which [COMMAND]... 👥 who Show who is logged on who [-a] -a Show all -H Print column headers 👤 whoami Print the user name associated with the current effective user id whoami 🔁 xargs Run PROG on every item given by stdin xargs [OPTIONS] [PROG ARGS] -p Ask user whether to run each command -r Don't run command if input is empty -0 Input is separated by NULs -a FILE Read from FILE instead of stdin -t Print the command on stderr before execution -e[STR] STR stops input processing -n N Pass no more than N args to PROG -s N Pass command line of no more than N bytes -I STR Replace STR within PROG ARGS with input line -P N Run up to N PROGs in parallel -x Exit if size is exceeded 🔢 xxd Hex dump FILE (or stdin) xxd [OPTIONS] [FILE] -g N Bytes per group -c N Bytes per line -p Show only hex bytes, assumes -c30 -l LENGTH Show only first LENGTH bytes -s OFFSET Skip OFFSET bytes 📦 xz Decompress FILE (or stdin) xz -d [-cfk] [FILE]... -d Decompress -c Write to stdout -f Force -k Keep input files 📦 xzcat Decompress to stdout xzcat [FILE]... ✅ yes Repeatedly output a line with STRING, or 'y' yes [STRING] 📦 zcat Decompress to stdout zcat [FILE]... 📚 LIBC NSS GNU Libc (glibc) uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the behavior of the C library for the local environment, and to configure how it reads system data, such as passwords and group information. This is implemented using an /etc/nsswitch.conf configuration file, and using one or more of the /lib/libnss_* libraries. BusyBox tries to avoid using any libc calls that make use of NSS. Some applets however, such as login and su, will use libc functions that require NSS. If you enable CONFIG_USE_BB_PWD_GRP, BusyBox will use internal functions to directly access the /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and /etc/shadow files without using NSS. This may allow you to run your system without the need for installing any of the NSS configuration files and libraries. When used with glibc, the BusyBox 'networking' applets will similarly require that you install at least some of the glibc NSS stuff (in particular, /etc/nsswitch.conf, /lib/libnss_dns*, /lib/libnss_files*, and /lib/libresolv*). Shameless Plug: As an alternative, one could use a C library such as uClibc. In addition to making your system significantly smaller, uClibc does not require the use of any NSS support files or libraries. 👤 MAINTAINER Denis Vlasenko <vda.linux AT googlemail.com> 👥 AUTHORS The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know it or not. If you have written code included in BusyBox, you should probably be listed here so you can obtain your bit of eternal glory. If you should be listed here, or the description of what you have done needs more detail, or is incorrect, please send in an update. Emanuele Aina <emanuele.aina AT tiscali.it> run-parts Erik Andersen <andersen AT codepoet.org> Tons of new stuff, major rewrite of most of the core apps, tons of new apps as noted in header files. Lots of tedious effort writing these boring docs that nobody is going to actually read. Laurence Anderson <l.d.anderson AT warwick.uk> rpm2cpio, unzip, get_header_cpio, read_gz interface, rpm Jeff Angielski <jeff AT theptrgroup.com> ftpput, ftpget Edward Betts <edward AT debian.org> expr, hostid, logname, whoami John Beppu <beppu AT codepoet.org> du, nslookup, sort Brian Candler <B.Candler AT pobox.com> tiny-ls(ls) Randolph Chung <tausq AT debian.org> fbset, ping, hostname Dave Cinege <dcinege AT psychosis.com> more(v2), makedevs, dutmp, modularization, auto links file, various fixes, Linux Router Project maintenance Jordan Crouse <jordan AT cosmicpenguin.net> ipcalc Magnus Damm <damm AT opensource.se> tftp client insmod powerpc support Larry Doolittle <ldoolitt AT recycle.gov> pristine source directory compilation, lots of patches and fixes. Glenn Engel <glenne AT engel.org> httpd Gennady Feldman <gfeldman AT gena01.com> Sysklogd (single threaded syslogd, IPC Circular buffer support, logread), various fixes. Karl M. Hegbloom <karlheg AT debian.org> cp_mv.c, the test suite, various fixes to utility.c, &c. Daniel Jacobowitz <dan AT debian.org> mktemp.c Matt Kraai <kraai AT alumni.edu> documentation, bugfixes, test suite Stephan Linz <linz AT li-pro.net> ipcalc, Red Hat equivalence John Lombardo <john AT deltanet.com> tr Glenn McGrath <bug1 AT iinet.au> Common unarchiving code and unarchiving applets, ifupdown, ftpgetput, nameif, sed, patch, fold, install, uudecode. Various bugfixes, review and apply numerous patches. Manuel Novoa III <mjn3 AT codepoet.org> cat, head, mkfifo, mknod, rmdir, sleep, tee, tty, uniq, usleep, wc, yes, mesg, vconfig, make_directory, parse_mode, dirname, mode_string, get_last_path_component, simplify_path, and a number trivial libbb routines also bug fixes, partial rewrites, and size optimizations in ash, basename, cal, cmp, cp, df, du, echo, env, ln, logname, md5sum, mkdir, mv, realpath, rm, sort, tail, touch, uname, watch, arith, human_readable, interface, dutmp, ifconfig, route Vladimir Oleynik <dzo AT simtreas.ru> cmdedit; xargs(current), httpd(current); ports: ash, crond, fdisk, inetd, stty, traceroute, top; locale, various fixes and irreconcilable critic of everything not perfect. Bruce Perens <bruce AT pixar.com> Original author of BusyBox in 1995, 1996. Some of his code can still be found hiding here and there... Tim Riker <Tim AT Rikers.org> bug fixes, member of fan club Kent Robotti <robotti AT metconnect.com> reset, tons and tons of bug reports and patches. Chip Rosenthal <chip AT unicom.com>, <crosenth AT covad.com> wget - Contributed by permission of Covad Communications Pavel Roskin <proski AT gnu.org> Lots of bugs fixes and patches. Gyepi Sam <gyepi AT praxis-sw.com> Remote logging feature for syslogd Linus Torvalds <torvalds AT transmeta.com> mkswap, fsck.minix, mkfs.minix Mark Whitley <markw AT codepoet.org> grep, sed, cut, xargs(previous), style-guide, new-applet-HOWTO, bug fixes, etc. Charles P. Wright <cpwright AT villagenet.com> gzip, mini-netcat(nc) Enrique Zanardi <ezanardi AT ull.es> tarcat (since removed), loadkmap, various fixes, Debian maintenance Tito Ragusa <farmatito AT tiscali.it> devfsd and size optimizations in strings, openvt and deallocvt. Paul Fox <pgf AT foxharp.us> vi editing mode for ash, various other patches/fixes Roberto A. Foglietta <me AT roberto.name> port: dnsd Bernhard Reutner-Fischer <rep.dot.nop AT gmail.com> misc Mike Frysinger <vapier AT gentoo.org> initial e2fsprogs, printenv, setarch, sum, misc Jie Zhang <jie.zhang AT analog.com> fixed two bugs in msh and hush (exitcode of killed processes) version 1.30.1 2024-08-13 BUSYBOX(1)

Use Case	Command	Description
Run specific applet	`busybox <applet> [args]`	Invoke an applet via the busybox binary
Run as symlink	`<applet> [args]`	Use busybox via a symlink (after install)
List applets	`busybox`	List all compiled-in applets (no args)
Configure build	`make menuconfig`	Interactive configuration
Compile	`make`	Build busybox with current config
Install	`make CONFIG_PREFIX=/path install`	Install to custom prefix
Applet help	`<applet> --help`	Show terse applet usage