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📛 NAME

badblocks — search a device for bad blocks

🚀 Quick Reference

Use Case	Command	Description
Basic read-only scan	badblocks /dev/sda1	Scan a partition for bad blocks using default read-only test.
Non-destructive read-write test	badblocks -n /dev/sda1	Perform a non-destructive read-write test (preserves data).
Destructive write-mode test	badblocks -w /dev/sda1	Perform a destructive write-mode test (erases data!).
Output list to file	badblocks -o badblocks.txt /dev/sda1	Write the list of bad blocks to a file.
Show scan progress	badblocks -s /dev/sda1	Show percentage completion during the scan.
Specify block size	badblocks -b 4096 /dev/sda1	Scan using a specific block size.
Limit scan to first N blocks	badblocks /dev/sda1 100000	Scan only the first 100,000 blocks.
Skip existing bad blocks	badblocks -i known_bad.txt /dev/sda1	Skip blocks listed in a file.

📜 SYNOPSIS

badblocks  [  -svwnfBX  ]  [ -b block_size ] [ -c blocks_at_once ] [ -d
       read_delay_factor ] [ -e max_bad_blocks ] [ -i input_file ] [  -o  out-
       put_file  ] [ -p num_passes ] [ -t test_pattern ] device [ last_block ]
       [ first_block ]

📖 DESCRIPTION

badblocks is used to search for bad blocks on a device (usually a disk partition). device is the special file corresponding to the device (e.g /dev/hdc1). last_block is the last block to be checked; if it is not specified, the last block on the device is used as a default. first_block is an optional parameter specifying the starting block number for the test, which allows the testing to start in the middle of the disk. If it is not specified the first block on the disk is used as a default.

⚠️ Important note: If the output of badblocks is going to be fed to the e2fsck or mke2fs programs, it is important that the block size is properly specified, since the block numbers which are generated are very dependent on the block size in use by the file system. For this reason, it is strongly recommended that users not run badblocks directly, but rather use the -c option of the e2fsck and mke2fs programs.

⚙️ OPTIONS

• -b block_size 🧱 Specify the size of blocks in bytes. The default is 1024.
• -c number of blocks 📦 The number of blocks which are tested at a time. The default is 64.
• -d read delay factor ⏳ This parameter, if passed and non-zero, will cause bad blocks to sleep between reads if there were no errors encountered in the read operation; the delay will be calculated as a percentage of the time it took for the read operation to be performed. In other words, a value of 100 will cause each read to be delayed by the amount the previous read took, and a value of 200 by twice the amount.
• -e max bad block count 🛑 Specify a maximum number of bad blocks before aborting the test. The default is 0, meaning the test will continue until the end of the test range is reached.
• -f 💥 Normally, badblocks will refuse to do a read/write or a non-destructive test on a device which is mounted, since either can cause the system to potentially crash and/or damage the file system even if it is mounted read-only. This can be overridden using the -f flag, but should almost never be used — if you think you're smarter than the badblocks program, you almost certainly aren't. The only time when this option might be safe to use is if the /etc/mtab file is incorrect, and the device really isn't mounted.
• -i input_file 📄 Read a list of already existing known bad blocks. Badblocks will skip testing these blocks since they are known to be bad. If input_file is specified as "-", the list will be read from the standard input. Blocks listed in this list will be omitted from the list of new bad blocks produced on the standard output or in the output file. The -b option of dumpe2fs(8) can be used to retrieve the list of blocks currently marked bad on an existing file system, in a format suitable for use with this option.
• -n 🛡️ Use non-destructive read-write mode. By default only a non-destructive read-only test is done. This option must not be combined with the -w option, as they are mutually exclusive.
• -o output_file 💾 Write the list of bad blocks to the specified file. Without this option, badblocks displays the list on its standard output. The format of this file is suitable for use by the -l option in e2fsck(8) or mke2fs(8).
• -p num_passes 🔄 Repeat scanning the disk until there are no new blocks discovered in num_passes consecutive scans of the disk. Default is 0, meaning badblocks will exit after the first pass.
• -s 📊 Show the progress of the scan by writing out rough percentage completion of the current badblocks pass over the disk. Note that badblocks may do multiple test passes over the disk, in particular if the -p or -w option is requested by the user.
• -t test_pattern 🧪 Specify a test pattern to be read (and written) to disk blocks. The test_pattern may either be a numeric value between 0 and ULONG_MAX-1 inclusive, or the word "random", which specifies that the block should be filled with a random bit pattern. For read/write (-w) and non-destructive (-n) modes, one or more test patterns may be specified by specifying the -t option for each test pattern desired. For read-only mode only a single pattern may be specified and it may not be "random". Read-only testing with a pattern assumes that the specified pattern has previously been written to the disk - if not, large numbers of blocks will fail verification. If multiple patterns are specified then all blocks will be tested with one pattern before proceeding to the next pattern.
• -v 🔉 Verbose mode. Will write the number of read errors, write errors and data-corruptions to stderr.
• -w ✍️ Use write-mode test. With this option, badblocks scans for bad blocks by writing some patterns (0xaa, 0x55, 0xff, 0x00) on every block of the device, reading every block and comparing the contents. This option may not be combined with the -n option, as they are mutually exclusive.
• -B 💿 Use buffered I/O and do not use Direct I/O, even if it is available.
• -X 🏳️ Internal flag only to be used by e2fsck(8) and mke2fs(8). It bypasses the exclusive mode in-use device safety check.

⚠️ WARNING

🚫 Never use the -w option on a device containing an existing file system. This option erases data! If you want to do write-mode testing on an existing file system, use the -n option instead. It is slower, but it will preserve your data.

⚠️ The -e option will cause badblocks to output a possibly incomplete list of bad blocks. Therefore it is recommended to use it only when one wants to know if there are any bad blocks at all on the device, and not when the list of bad blocks is wanted.

👤 AUTHOR

badblocks was written by Remy Card <Remy.Card AT linux.org>. Current maintainer is Theodore Ts'o <tytso AT alum.edu>. Non-destructive read/write test implemented by David Beattie <dbeattie AT softhome.net>.

📦 AVAILABILITY

badblocks is part of the e2fsprogs package and is available from http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net.

📚 SEE ALSO

• e2fsck(8)
• mke2fs(8)

📛 NAME 🚀 Quick Reference 📜 SYNOPSIS 📖 DESCRIPTION ⚙️ OPTIONS ⚠️ WARNING 👤 AUTHOR 📦 AVAILABILITY 📚 SEE ALSO