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CBQ(8) Linux CBQ(8)
NAME
CBQ - Class Based Queueing
SYNOPSIS
tc qdisc ... dev dev ( parent classid | root) [ handle major: ] cbq [ allot bytes ]
avpkt bytes bandwidth rate [ cell bytes ] [ ewma log ] [ mpu bytes ]
tc class ... dev dev parent major:[minor] [ classid major:minor ] cbq allot bytes [
bandwidth rate ] [ rate rate ] prio priority [ weight weight ] [ minburst packets ]
[ maxburst packets ] [ ewma log ] [ cell bytes ] avpkt bytes [ mpu bytes ] [
bounded isolated ] [ split handle & defmap defmap ] [ estimator interval timecon-
stant ]
DESCRIPTION
Class Based Queueing is a classful qdisc that implements a rich linksharing hierar-
chy of classes. It contains shaping elements as well as prioritizing capabilities.
Shaping is performed using link idle time calculations based on the timing of
dequeue events and underlying link bandwidth.
SHAPING ALGORITHM
When shaping a 10mbit/s connection to 1mbit/s, the link will be idle 90% of the
time. If it isn’t, it needs to be throttled so that it IS idle 90% of the time.
During operations, the effective idletime is measured using an exponential weighted
moving average (EWMA), which considers recent packets to be exponentially more
important than past ones. The Unix loadaverage is calculated in the same way.
The calculated idle time is subtracted from the EWMA measured one, the resulting
number is called ’avgidle’. A perfectly loaded link has an avgidle of zero: packets
arrive exactly at the calculated interval.
An overloaded link has a negative avgidle and if it gets too negative, CBQ throt-
tles and is then ’overlimit’.
Conversely, an idle link might amass a huge avgidle, which would then allow infi-
nite bandwidths after a few hours of silence. To prevent this, avgidle is capped at
maxidle.
If overlimit, in theory, the CBQ could throttle itself for exactly the amount of
time that was calculated to pass between packets, and then pass one packet, and
throttle again. Due to timer resolution constraints, this may not be feasible, see
the minburst parameter below.
CLASSIFICATION
Within the one CBQ instance many classes may exist. Each of these classes contains
another qdisc, by default tc-pfifo(8).
When enqueueing a packet, CBQ starts at the root and uses various methods to deter-
mine which class should receive the data.
In the absence of uncommon configuration options, the process is rather easy. At
each node we look for an instruction, and then go to the class the instruction
refers us to. If the class found is a barren leaf-node (without children), we
enqueue the packet there. If it is not yet a leaf node, we do the whole thing over
again starting from that node.
The following actions are performed, in order at each node we visit, until one
sends us to another node, or terminates the process.
(i) Consult filters attached to the class. If sent to a leafnode, we are done.
Otherwise, restart.
(ii) Consult the defmap for the priority assigned to this packet, which depends
on the TOS bits. Check if the referral is leafless, otherwise restart.
(iii) Ask the defmap for instructions for the ’best effort’ priority. Check the
answer for leafness, otherwise restart.
(iv) If none of the above returned with an instruction, enqueue at this node.
This algorithm makes sure that a packet always ends up somewhere, even while you
are busy building your configuration.
For more details, see tc-cbq-details(8).
LINK SHARING ALGORITHM
When dequeuing for sending to the network device, CBQ decides which of its classes
will be allowed to send. It does so with a Weighted Round Robin process in which
each class with packets gets a chance to send in turn. The WRR process starts by
asking the highest priority classes (lowest numerically - highest semantically) for
packets, and will continue to do so until they have no more data to offer, in which
case the process repeats for lower priorities.
Classes by default borrow bandwidth from their siblings. A class can be prevented
from doing so by declaring it ’bounded’. A class can also indicate its unwilling-
ness to lend out bandwidth by being ’isolated’.
QDISC
The root of a CBQ qdisc class tree has the following parameters:
parent major:minor | root
This mandatory parameter determines the place of the CBQ instance, either at
the root of an interface or within an existing class.
handle major:
Like all other qdiscs, the CBQ can be assigned a handle. Should consist only
of a major number, followed by a colon. Optional, but very useful if classes
will be generated within this qdisc.
allot bytes
This allotment is the ’chunkiness’ of link sharing and is used for determin-
ing packet transmission time tables. The qdisc allot differs slightly from
the class allot discussed below. Optional. Defaults to a reasonable value,
related to avpkt.
avpkt bytes
The average size of a packet is needed for calculating maxidle, and is also
used for making sure ’allot’ has a safe value. Mandatory.
bandwidth rate
To determine the idle time, CBQ must know the bandwidth of your underlying
physical interface, or parent qdisc. This is a vital parameter, more about
it later. Mandatory.
cell The cell size determines he granularity of packet transmission time calcula-
tions. Has a sensible default.
mpu A zero sized packet may still take time to transmit. This value is the lower
cap for packet transmission time calculations - packets smaller than this
value are still deemed to have this size. Defaults to zero.
ewma log
When CBQ needs to measure the average idle time, it does so using an Expo-
nentially Weighted Moving Average which smoothes out measurements into a
moving average. The EWMA LOG determines how much smoothing occurs. Lower
values imply greater sensitivity. Must be between 0 and 31. Defaults to 5.
A CBQ qdisc does not shape out of its own accord. It only needs to know certain
parameters about the underlying link. Actual shaping is done in classes.
CLASSES
Classes have a host of parameters to configure their operation.
parent major:minor
Place of this class within the hierarchy. If attached directly to a qdisc
and not to another class, minor can be omitted. Mandatory.
classid major:minor
Like qdiscs, classes can be named. The major number must be equal to the
major number of the qdisc to which it belongs. Optional, but needed if this
class is going to have children.
weight weight
When dequeuing to the interface, classes are tried for traffic in a round-
robin fashion. Classes with a higher configured qdisc will generally have
more traffic to offer during each round, so it makes sense to allow it to
dequeue more traffic. All weights under a class are normalized, so only the
ratios matter. Defaults to the configured rate, unless the priority of this
class is maximal, in which case it is set to 1.
allot bytes
Allot specifies how many bytes a qdisc can dequeue during each round of the
process. This parameter is weighted using the renormalized class weight
described above. Silently capped at a minimum of 3/2 avpkt. Mandatory.
prio priority
In the round-robin process, classes with the lowest priority field are tried
for packets first. Mandatory.
avpkt See the QDISC section.
rate rate
Maximum rate this class and all its children combined can send at. Manda-
tory.
bandwidth rate
This is different from the bandwidth specified when creating a CBQ disc!
Only used to determine maxidle and offtime, which are only calculated when
specifying maxburst or minburst. Mandatory if specifying maxburst or min-
burst.
maxburst
This number of packets is used to calculate maxidle so that when avgidle is
at maxidle, this number of average packets can be burst before avgidle drops
to 0. Set it higher to be more tolerant of bursts. You can’t set maxidle
directly, only via this parameter.
minburst
As mentioned before, CBQ needs to throttle in case of overlimit. The ideal
solution is to do so for exactly the calculated idle time, and pass 1
packet. However, Unix kernels generally have a hard time scheduling events
shorter than 10ms, so it is better to throttle for a longer period, and then
pass minburst packets in one go, and then sleep minburst times longer.
The time to wait is called the offtime. Higher values of minburst lead to
more accurate shaping in the long term, but to bigger bursts at millisecond
timescales. Optional.
minidle
If avgidle is below 0, we are overlimits and need to wait until avgidle will
be big enough to send one packet. To prevent a sudden burst from shutting
down the link for a prolonged period of time, avgidle is reset to minidle if
it gets too low.
Minidle is specified in negative microseconds, so 10 means that avgidle is
capped at -10us. Optional.
bounded
Signifies that this class will not borrow bandwidth from its siblings.
isolated
Means that this class will not borrow bandwidth to its siblings
split major:minor & defmap bitmap[/bitmap]
If consulting filters attached to a class did not give a verdict, CBQ can
also classify based on the packet’s priority. There are 16 priorities avail-
able, numbered from 0 to 15.
The defmap specifies which priorities this class wants to receive, specified
as a bitmap. The Least Significant Bit corresponds to priority zero. The
split parameter tells CBQ at which class the decision must be made, which
should be a (grand)parent of the class you are adding.
As an example, ’tc class add ... classid 10:1 cbq .. split 10:0 defmap c0’
configures class 10:0 to send packets with priorities 6 and 7 to 10:1.
The complimentary configuration would then be: ’tc class add ... classid
10:2 cbq ... split 10:0 defmap 3f’ Which would send all packets 0, 1, 2, 3,
4 and 5 to 10:1.
estimator interval timeconstant
CBQ can measure how much bandwidth each class is using, which tc filters can
use to classify packets with. In order to determine the bandwidth it uses a
very simple estimator that measures once every interval microseconds how
much traffic has passed. This again is a EWMA, for which the time constant
can be specified, also in microseconds. The time constant corresponds to the
sluggishness of the measurement or, conversely, to the sensitivity of the
average to short bursts. Higher values mean less sensitivity.
BUGS
The actual bandwidth of the underlying link may not be known, for example in the
case of PPoE or PPTP connections which in fact may send over a pipe, instead of
over a physical device. CBQ is quite resilient to major errors in the configured
bandwidth, probably a the cost of coarser shaping.
Default kernels rely on coarse timing information for making decisions. These may
make shaping precise in the long term, but inaccurate on second long scales.
See tc-cbq-details(8) for hints on how to improve this.
SOURCES
o Sally Floyd and Van Jacobson, "Link-sharing and Resource Management Models
for Packet Networks", IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol.3, No.4, 1995
o Sally Floyd, "Notes on CBQ and Guaranteed Service", 1995
o Sally Floyd, "Notes on Class-Based Queueing: Setting Parameters", 1996
o Sally Floyd and Michael Speer, "Experimental Results for Class-Based Queue-
ing", 1998, not published.
SEE ALSO
tc(8)
AUTHOR
Alexey N. Kuznetsov, <kuznet AT ms2.ru>. This manpage maintained by bert hubert
<ahu AT ds9a.nl>
iproute2 16 December 2001 CBQ(8)
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Under GNU General Public License
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