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GS(1) Ghostscript GS(1)
NAME
gs - Ghostscript (PostScript and PDF language interpreter and previewer)
SYNOPSIS
gs [ options ] [ files ] ... (Unix, VMS)
gswin32 [ options ] [ files ] ... (MS Windows)
gswin32c [ options ] [ files ] ... (MS Windows)
gs386 [ options ] [ files ] ... (DOS for PC)
gsos2 [ options ] [ files ] ... (OS/2)
DESCRIPTION
The gs (gswin32, gswin32c, gs386, gsos2) command invokes Ghostscript, an inter-
preter of Adobe Systems’ PostScript(tm) and Portable Document Format (PDF) lan-
guages. gs reads "files" in sequence and executes them as Ghostscript programs.
After doing this, it reads further input from the standard input stream (normally
the keyboard), interpreting each line separately. The interpreter quits gracefully
when it encounters the "quit" command (either in a file or from the keyboard), at
end-of-file, or at an interrupt signal (such as Control-C at the keyboard).
The interpreter recognizes several switches described below, which may appear any-
where in the command line and apply to all files thereafter. Invoking Ghostscript
with the -h or -? switch produces a message which shows several useful switches,
all the devices known to that executable, and the search path for fonts; on Unix it
also shows the location of detailed documentation.
Ghostscript may be built able to use many different output devices. To see which
devices your executable can use, run "gs -h". Unless you specify a particular
device, Ghostscript normally opens the first one of those and directs output to it,
so if the first one in the list is the one you want to use, just issue the command
gs myfile.ps
You can also check the set of available devices from within Ghostscript: invoke
Ghostscript and type
devicenames ==
but the first device on the resulting list may not be the default device you deter-
mine with "gs -h". To specify "AbcXyz" as the initial output device, include the
switch
-sDEVICE=AbcXyz
For example, for output to an Epson printer you might use the command
gs -sDEVICE=epson myfile.ps
The "-sDEVICE=" switch must precede the first mention of a file to print, and only
the switch’s first use has any effect. Alternatively, in Ghostscript you can type
(epson) selectdevice
(myfile.ps) run
All output then goes to the printer until you select another device with the
"selectdevice" procedure in the PostScript program stream, for example
(vga) selectdevice
or
(x11) selectdevice
Finally, you can specify a default device in the environment variable GS_DEVICE.
The order of precedence for these alternatives from highest to lowest (Ghostscript
uses the device defined highest in the list) is:
selectdevice
(command line)
GS_DEVICE
(first device in build list)
Some printers can print at different resolutions (densities). To specify the reso-
lution on such a printer, use the "-r" switch:
gs -sDEVICE=<device> -r<xres>x<yres>
For example, on a 9-pin Epson-compatible printer, you get the lowest-density
(fastest) mode with
gs -sDEVICE=epson -r60x72
and the highest-density (best output quality) mode with
gs -sDEVICE=epson -r240x72.
If you select a printer as the output device, Ghostscript also allows you to choose
where Ghostscript sends the output -- on Unix systems, usually to a temporary file.
To send the output to a file "foo.xyz", use the switch
-sOutputFile=foo.xyz
You might want to print each page separately. To do this, send the output to a
series of files "foo1.xyz, foo2.xyz, ..." using the "-sOutputFile=" switch with
"%d" in a filename template:
-sOutputFile=foo%d.xyz
Each resulting file receives one page of output, and the files are numbered in
sequence. "%d" is a printf format specification; you can also use a variant like
"%02d".
On Unix systems you can also send output to a pipe. For example, to pipe output to
the "lpr" command (which, on many Unix systems, directs it to a printer), use the
switch
-sOutputFile=\|lpr
You can also send output to standard output for piping with the switch
-sOutputFile=-
In this case you must also use the -q switch, to prevent Ghostscript from writing
messages to standard output.
To select a specific paper size, use the command line switch
-sPAPERSIZE=a_known_paper_size
for instance
-sPAPERSIZE=a4
or
-sPAPERSIZE=legal
At this time, the known paper sizes, defined in the initialization file
"gs_statd.ps", are:
PAPERSIZE X inches Y inches X cm Y cm
-----------------------------------------------------
a0 33.0556 46.7778 83.9611 118.816
a1 23.3889 33.0556 59.4078 83.9611
a2 16.5278 23.3889 41.9806 59.4078
a3 11.6944 16.5278 29.7039 41.9806
a4 8.26389 11.6944 20.9903 29.7039
a5 5.84722 8.26389 14.8519 20.9903
a6 4.125 5.84722 10.4775 14.8519
a7 2.91667 4.125 7.40833 10.4775
a8 2.05556 2.91667 5.22111 7.40833
a9 1.45833 2.05556 3.70417 5.22111
a10 1.02778 1.45833 2.61056 3.70417
b0 39.3889 55.6667 100.048 141.393
b1 27.8333 39.3889 70.6967 100.048
b2 19.6944 27.8333 50.0239 70.6967
b3 13.9167 19.6944 35.3483 50.0239
b4 9.84722 13.9167 25.0119 35.3483
b5 6.95833 9.84722 17.6742 25.0119
archA 9 12 22.86 30.48
archB 12 18 30.48 45.72
archC 18 24 45.72 60.96
archD 24 36 60.96 91.44
archE 36 48 91.44 121.92
flsa 8.5 13 21.59 33.02
flse 8.5 13 21.59 33.02
halfletter 5.5 8.5 13.97 21.59
note 7.5 10 19.05 25.4
letter 8.5 11 21.59 27.94
legal 8.5 14 21.59 35.56
11x17 11 17 27.94 43.18
ledger 17 11 43.18 27.94
Note that the B paper sizes are ISO sizes: for information about using JIS B sizes,
see Use.htm.
Ghostscript can do many things other than print or view PostScript and PDF files.
For example, if you want to know the bounding box of a PostScript (or EPS) file,
Ghostscript provides a special "device" that just prints out this information:
gs -sDEVICE=bbox myfile.ps
For example, using one of the example files distributed with Ghostscript,
gs -sDEVICE=bbox golfer.ps
prints out
%%BoundingBox: 0 25 583 732
%%HiResBoundingBox: 0.808497 25.009496 582.994503 731.809445
INITIALIZATION FILES
When looking for the initialization files "gs_*.ps", the files related to fonts, or
the file for the "run" operator, Ghostscript first tries to open the file with the
name as given, using the current working directory if no directory is specified.
If this fails, and the file name doesn’t specify an explicit directory or drive
(for instance, doesn’t contain "/" on Unix systems or "\" on DOS systems),
Ghostscript tries directories in this order:
1. the directories specified by the -I switches in the command line (see below),
if any;
2. the directories specified by the GS_LIB environment variable, if any;
3. the directories specified by the GS_LIB_DEFAULT macro in the Ghostscript make-
file when the executable was built. When gs is built on Unix, GS_LIB_DEFAULT
is usually
"/usr/local/share/ghostscript/#.##:/usr/local/share/ghostscript/fonts" where
"#.##" represents the Ghostscript version number.
Each of these (GS_LIB_DEFAULT, GS_LIB, and -I parameter) may be either a single
directory or a list of directories separated by ":".
X RESOURCES
Ghostscript looks for the following resources under the program name "Ghostscript":
borderWidth
The border width in pixels (default = 1).
borderColor
The name of the border color (default = black).
geometry
The window size and placement, WxH+X+Y (default is NULL).
xResolution
The number of x pixels per inch (default is computed from WidthOfScreen and
WidthMMOfScreen).
yResolution
The number of y pixels per inch (default is computed from HeightOfScreen and
HeightMMOfScreen).
useBackingPixmap
Determines whether backing store is to be used for saving display window
(default = true).
See the usage document for a more complete list of resources. To set these
resources on Unix, put them in a file such as "~/.Xresources" in the following
form:
Ghostscript*geometry: 612x792-0+0
Ghostscript*xResolution: 72
Ghostscript*yResolution: 72
Then merge these resources into the X server’s resource database:
% xrdb -merge ~/.Xresources
SWITCHES
-- filename arg1 ...
Takes the next argument as a file name as usual, but takes all remaining
arguments (even if they have the syntactic form of switches) and defines the
name "ARGUMENTS" in "userdict" (not "systemdict") as an array of those
strings, before running the file. When Ghostscript finishes executing the
file, it exits back to the shell.
-Dname=token
-dname=token
Define a name in "systemdict" with the given definition. The token must be
exactly one token (as defined by the "token" operator) and may contain no
whitespace.
-Dname
-dname Define a name in "systemdict" with value=null.
-Sname=string
-sname=string
Define a name in "systemdict" with a given string as value. This is differ-
ent from -d. For example, -dname=35 is equivalent to the program fragment
/name 35 def
whereas -sname=35 is equivalent to
/name (35) def
-q Quiet startup: suppress normal startup messages, and also do the equivalent
of -dQUIET.
-gnumber1xnumber2
Equivalent to -dDEVICEWIDTH=number1 and -dDEVICEHEIGHT=number2. This is for
the benefit of devices (such as X11 windows) that require (or allow) width
and height to be specified.
-rnumber
-rnumber1xnumber2
Equivalent to -dDEVICEXRESOLUTION=number1 and -dDEVICEYRESOLUTION=number2.
This is for the benefit of devices such as printers that support multiple X
and Y resolutions. If only one number is given, it is used for both X and Y
resolutions.
-Idirectories
Adds the designated list of directories at the head of the search path for
library files.
- This is not really a switch, but indicates to Ghostscript that standard
input is coming from a file or a pipe and not interactively from the command
line. Ghostscript reads from standard input until it reaches end-of-file,
executing it like any other file, and then continues with processing the
command line. When the command line has been entirely processed,
Ghostscript exits rather than going into its interactive mode.
Note that the normal initialization file "gs_init.ps" makes "systemdict" read-only,
so the values of names defined with -D, -d, -S, or -s cannot be changed (although,
of course, they can be superseded by definitions in "userdict" or other dictionar-
ies.)
SPECIAL NAMES
-dSAFER
Disables the "deletefile" and "renamefile" operators and the ability to open
files in any mode other than read-only. This is desirable for spoolers or
any other environments where a malicious or badly written PostScript program
must be prevented from changing important files.
-dBATCH
Causes Ghostscript to exit after processing all files named on the command
line, rather than prompting for further PostScript commands.
-dNOPAUSE
Disables the prompt and pause at the end of each page. This may be desirable
in converting documents or for applications where another program is driving
Ghostscript.
-sDEVICE=device
Selects an alternate initial output device, as described above.
-sOutputFile=filename
Selects an alternate output file (or pipe) for the initial output device, as
described above.
-dNODISPLAY
Suppresses the normal initialization of the output device. This may be use-
ful when debugging.
-dNOCACHE
Disables character caching. Useful only for debugging.
-dNOBIND
Disables the "bind" operator. Useful only for debugging.
-dNOPLATFONTS
Disables the use of fonts supplied by the underlying platform (for instance
X Windows). This may be needed if the platform fonts look undesirably
different from the scalable fonts.
-dDISKFONTS
Causes individual character outlines to be loaded from the disk the first
time they are encountered. (Normally Ghostscript loads all the character
outlines when it loads a font.) This may allow loading more fonts into RAM,
at the expense of slower rendering.
-dWRITESYSTEMDICT
Leaves "systemdict" writable. This is necessary when running special utility
programs such as font2c and pcharstr, which must bypass normal PostScript
access protection.
FILES
The locations of many Ghostscript run-time files are compiled into the executable
when it is built. On Unix these are typically based in /usr/local, but this may be
different on your system. Under DOS they are typically based in C:\GS, but may be
elsewhere, especially if you install Ghostscript with GSview. Run "gs -h" to find
the location of Ghostscript documentation on your system, from which you can get
more details.
/usr/local/share/ghostscript/#.##/*
Startup files, utilities, and basic font definitions
/usr/local/share/ghostscript/fonts/*
More font definitions
/usr/local/share/ghostscript/#.##/examples/*
Ghostscript demonstration files
/usr/local/share/ghostscript/#.##/doc/*
Diverse document files
ENVIRONMENT
GS_OPTIONS
String of options to be processed before the command line options
GS_DEVICE
Used to specify an output device
GS_FONTPATH
Path names used to search for fonts
GS_LIB Path names for initialization files and fonts
TEMP Where temporary files are made
SEE ALSO
The various Ghostscript document files (above), especially Use.htm.
BUGS
See the Usenet news group comp.lang.postscript.
VERSION
This document was last revised for Ghostscript version 7.07.
AUTHOR
L. Peter Deutsch <ghost AT aladdin.com> is the principal author of Ghostscript. Rus-
sell J. Lang <rjl AT aladdin.com> is the author of most of the MS Windows code in
Ghostscript.
7.07 17 May 2003 GS(1)
Generated by $Id: phpMan.php,v 4.55 2007/09/05 04:42:51 chedong Exp $ Author: Che Dong
On Apache/1.3.41 (Unix) PHP/5.2.5 mod_perl/1.30 mod_gzip/1.3.26.1a
Under GNU General Public License
2009-01-09 08:14 @38.103.63.58 CrawledBy CCBot/1.0 (+http://www.commoncrawl.org/bot.html)