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GROFF_DIFF(7) GROFF_DIFF(7)
NAME
groff_diff - differences between GNU troff and classical troff
DESCRIPTION
This manual page describes the language differences between groff, the GNU roff
text processing system and the classical roff formatter of the freely available
Unix 7 of the 1970s, documented in the Troff User’s Manual by Osanna and Kernighan.
This inludes the roff language as well as the intermediate output format (troff
output).
The section SEE ALSO gives pointers to both the classical roff and the modern groff
documentation.
At the moment, this document is the place of the most actual documentation within
the groff system. This might change in the future. Actually, all novelties of the
groff language are first described here and will pervade into the other documents
only at a later stage.
GROFF LANGUAGE
In this section, all additional features of groff compared to the classical Unix 7
troff are described in detail.
Long names
The names of number registers, fonts, strings/macros/diversions, special charac-
ters, and colors can be of any length. In escape sequences, additionally to the
classical (xx construction for a two character name, you can use [xxx] for a name
of arbitrary length, for example in
\[xxx] Print the special character called xxx.
\f[xxx] Set font xxx. Additionally, \f[] is a new syntax equal to \fP, i.e., to
return to the previous font.
\*[xxx arg1 arg2 ...]
Interpolate string xxx, taking arg1, arg2, ... as arguments.
\n[xxx] Interpolate number register xxx.
Fractional pointsizes
A scaled point is equal to 1/sizescale points, where sizescale is specified in the
DESC file (1 by default). There is a new scale indicator z that has the effect of
multiplying by sizescale. Requests and escape sequences in troff interpret argu-
ments that represent a pointsize as being in units of scaled points, but they eval-
uate each such argument using a default scale indicator of z. Arguments treated in
this way are the argument to the ps request, the third argument to the cs request,
the second and fourth arguments to the tkf request, the argument to the \H escape
sequence, and those variants of the \s escape sequence that take a numeric expres-
sion as their argument.
For example, suppose sizescale is 1000; then a scaled point will be equivalent to a
millipoint; the call .ps 10.25 is equivalent to .ps 10.25z and so sets the point-
size to 10250 scaled points, which is equal to 10.25 points.
The number register \n[.s] returns the pointsize in points as decimal fraction.
There is also a new number register \n[.ps] that returns the pointsize in scaled
points.
It would make no sense to use the z scale indicator in a numeric expression whose
default scale indicator was neither u nor z, and so troff disallows this. Simi-
larly it would make no sense to use a scaling indicator other than z or u in a
numeric expression whose default scale indicator was z, and so troff disallows this
as well.
There is also new scale indicator s which multiplies by the number of units in a
scaled point. So, for example, \n[.ps]s is equal to 1m. Be sure not to confuse
the s and z scale indicators.
Numeric expressions
Spaces are permitted in a number expression within parentheses.
M indicates a scale of 100ths of an em. f indicates a scale of 65536 units, pro-
viding fractions for color definitions with the defcolor request. For example,
0.5f = 32768u.
e1>?e2 The maximum of e1 and e2.
e1<?e2 The minimum of e1 and e2.
(c;e) Evaluate e using c as the default scaling indicator. If c is missing,
ignore scaling indicators in the evaluation of e.
New escape sequences
\Aâ€â€™anythingâ€â€™
This expands to 1 or 0 resp., depending on whether anything is or is not
acceptable as the name of a string, macro, diversion, number register, envi-
ronment, font, or color. It will return 0 if anything is empty. This is
useful if you want to lookup user input in some sort of associative table.
\Bâ€â€™anythingâ€â€™
This expands to 1 or 0 resp., depending on whether anything is or is not a
valid numeric expression. It will return 0 if anything is empty.
\Câ€â€™xxxâ€â€™
Typeset character named xxx. Normally it is more convenient to use \[xxx].
But \C has the advantage that it is compatible with recent versions of UNIX
and is available in compatibility mode.
\E This is equivalent to an escape character, but it is not interpreted in
copy-mode. For example, strings to start and end superscripting could be
defined like this
.ds { \vâ€â€™-.3mâ€â€™\sâ€â€™\En[.s]*6u/10uâ€â€™
.ds } \s0\vâ€â€™.3mâ€â€™
The use of \E ensures that these definitions will work even if \*{ gets
interpreted in copy-mode (for example, by being used in a macro argument).
\Ff
\F(fm
\F[fam]
Change font family. This is the same as the fam request. \F[] switches
back to the previous color (note that \FP won’t work; it selects font family
‘P’ instead).
\mx
\m(xx
\m[xxx]
Set drawing color. \m[] switches back to the previous color.
\Mx
\M(xx
\M[xxx]
Set background color for filled objects drawn with the \Dâ€â€™...â€â€™ commands.
\M[] switches back to the previous color.
\Nâ€â€™nâ€â€™ Typeset the character with code n in the current font. n can be any inte-
ger. Most devices only have characters with codes between 0 and 255. If
the current font does not contain a character with that code, special fonts
will not be searched. The \N escape sequence can be conveniently used in
conjunction with the char request, for example
.char \[phone] \f(ZD\N’37’
The code of each character is given in the fourth column in the font
description file after the charset command. It is possible to include
unnamed characters in the font description file by using a name of ---; the
\N escape sequence is the only way to use these.
\On
\O[n] Suppressing troff output. The escapes \02, \O3, \O4, and \O5 are intended
for internal use by grohtml.
\O0 Disable any ditroff glyphs from being emitted to the device driver,
provided that the escape occurs at the outer level (see \O3 and \O4).
\O1 Enable output of glyphs, provided that the escape occurs at the outer
level.
\O0 and \O1 also reset the registers \n[opminx], \n[opminy],
\n[opmaxx], and \n[opmaxy] to -1. These four registers mark the top
left and bottom right hand corners of a box which encompasses all
written glyphs.
\O2 Provided that the escape occurs at the outer level, enable output of
glyphs and also write out to stderr the page number and four regis-
ters encompassing the glyphs previously written since the last call
to \O.
\O3 Begin a nesting level. At start-up, troff is at outer level. This
is really an internal mechanism for grohtml while producing images.
They are generated by running the troff source through troff to the
postscript device and ghostscript to produce images in PNG format.
The \O3 escape will start a new page if the device is not html (to
reduce the possibility of images crossing a page boundary).
\O4 End a nesting level.
\O5[Pfilename]
This escape is grohtml specific. Provided that this escape occurs at
the outer nesting level, write filename to stderr. The position of
the image, P, must be specified and must be one of l, r, c, or i
(left, right, centered, inline). filename will be associated with
the production of the next inline image.
\Râ€â€™name ±nâ€â€™
This has the same effect as
.nr name ±n
\s(nn
\s±(nn Set the point size to nn points; nn must be exactly two digits.
\s[±n]
\s±[n]
\sâ€â€™Â±nâ€â€™
\s±â€â€™nâ€â€™ Set the point size to n scaled points; n is a numeric expression with a
default scale indicator of z.
\Vx
\V(xx
\V[xxx]
Interpolate the contents of the environment variable xxx, as returned by
getenv(3). \V is interpreted in copy-mode.
\Yx
\Y(xx
\Y[xxx]
This is approximately equivalent to \Xâ€â€™\*[xxx]â€â€™. However the contents of
the string or macro xxx are not interpreted; also it is permitted for xxx to
have been defined as a macro and thus contain newlines (it is not permitted
for the argument to \X to contain newlines). The inclusion of newlines
requires an extension to the UNIX troff output format, and will confuse
drivers that do not know about this extension.
\Zâ€â€™anythingâ€â€™
Print anything and then restore the horizontal and vertical position; any-
thing may not contain tabs or leaders.
\$0 The name by which the current macro was invoked. The als request can make a
macro have more than one name.
\$* In a macro or string, the concatenation of all the arguments separated by
spaces.
\$@ In a macro or string, the concatenation of all the arguments with each sur-
rounded by double quotes, and separated by spaces.
\$(nn
\$[nnn]
In a macro or string, this gives the nn-th or nnn-th argument. Macros and
strings can have an unlimited number of arguments.
\?anything\?
When used in a diversion, this will transparently embed anything in the
diversion. anything is read in copy mode. When the diversion is reread,
anything will be interpreted. anything may not contain newlines; use \! if
you want to embed newlines in a diversion. The escape sequence \? is also
recognised in copy mode and turned into a single internal code; it is this
code that terminates anything. Thus
.nr x 1
.nf
.di d
\?\\?\\\\?\\\\\\\\nx\\\\?\\?\?
.di
.nr x 2
.di e
.d
.di
.nr x 3
.di f
.e
.di
.nr x 4
.f
will print 4.
\/ This increases the width of the preceding character so that the spacing
between that character and the following character will be correct if the
following character is a roman character. It is a good idea to use this
escape sequence whenever an italic character is immediately followed by a
roman character without any intervening space.
\, This modifies the spacing of the following character so that the spacing
between that character and the preceding character will correct if the pre-
ceding character is a roman character. It is a good idea to use this escape
sequence whenever a roman character is immediately followed by an italic
character without any intervening space.
\) Like \& except that it behaves like a character declared with the cflags
request to be transparent for the purposes of end-of-sentence recognition.
\~ This produces an unbreakable space that stretches like a normal inter-word
space when a line is adjusted.
\: This causes the insertion of a zero-width break point. It is equal to \%
within a word but without insertion of a soft hyphen character.
\# Everything up to and including the next newline is ignored. This is inter-
preted in copy mode. It is like \" except that \" does not ignore the ter-
minating newline.
New requests
.aln xx yy
Create an alias xx for number register object named yy. The new name and
the old name will be exactly equivalent. If yy is undefined, a warning of
type reg will be generated, and the request will be ignored.
.als xx yy
Create an alias xx for request, string, macro, or diversion object named yy.
The new name and the old name will be exactly equivalent (it is similar to a
hard rather than a soft link). If yy is undefined, a warning of type mac
will be generated, and the request will be ignored. The de, am, di, da, ds,
and as requests only create a new object if the name of the macro, diversion
or string diversion is currently undefined or if it is defined to be a
request; normally they modify the value of an existing object.
.ami xx yy
Append to macro indirectly. See the dei request below for more information.
.am1 xx yy
Similar to .am, but compatibility mode is switched off during execution. To
be more precise, a ‘compatibility save’ token is inserted at the beginning
of the macro addition, and a ‘compatibility restore’ token at the end. As a
consequence, the requests am, am1, de, and de1 can be intermixed freely
since the compatibility save/restore tokens only affect the macro parts
defined by .am1 and .ds1.
.asciify xx
This request ‘unformats’ the diversion xx in such a way that ASCII and space
characters (and some escape sequences) that were formatted and diverted into
xx will be treated like ordinary input characters when xx is reread. Useful
for diversions in conjunction with the .writem request. It can be also used
for gross hacks; for example, this
.tr @.
.di x
@nr n 1
.br
.di
.tr @@
.asciify x
.x
will set register n to 1. Note that glyph information (font, font size,
etc.) is not preserved; use .unformat instead.
.as1 xx yy
Similar to .as, but compatibility mode is switched off during expansion. To
be more precise, a ‘compatibility save’ token is inserted at the beginning
of the string, and a ‘compatibility restore’ token at the end. As a conse-
quence, the requests as, as1, ds, and ds1 can be intermixed freely since the
compatibility save/restore tokens only affect the (sub)strings defined by
as1 and ds1.
.backtrace
Print a backtrace of the input stack on stderr.
.blm xx
Set the blank line macro to xx. If there is a blank line macro, it will be
invoked when a blank line is encountered instead of the usual troff
behaviour.
.box xx
.boxa xx
These requests are similar to the di and da requests with the exception that
a partially filled line will not become part of the diversion (i.e., the
diversion always starts with a new line) but restored after ending the
diversion, discarding the partially filled line which possibly comes from
the diversion.
.break Break out of a while loop. See also the while and continue requests. Be
sure not to confuse this with the br request.
.brp This is the same as \p.
.cflags n c1 c2...
Characters c1, c2,... have properties determined by n, which is ORed from
the following:
1 The character ends sentences (initially characters .?! have this
property).
2 Lines can be broken before the character (initially no characters
have this property); a line will not be broken at a character with
this property unless the characters on each side both have non-zero
hyphenation codes.
4 Lines can be broken after the character (initially characters
-\(hy\(em have this property); a line will not be broken at a charac-
ter with this property unless the characters on each side both have
non-zero hyphenation codes.
8 The character overlaps horizontally (initially characters
\(ul\(rn\(ru have this property).
16 The character overlaps vertically (initially character \(br has this
property).
32 An end-of-sentence character followed by any number of characters
with this property will be treated as the end of a sentence if fol-
lowed by a newline or two spaces; in other words the character is
transparent for the purposes of end-of-sentence recognition; this is
the same as having a zero space factor in TeX (initially characters
"â€â€™)]*\(dg\(rq have this property).
.char c string
Define character c to be string. Every time character c needs to be
printed, string will be processed in a temporary environment and the result
will be wrapped up into a single object. Compatibility mode will be turned
off and the escape character will be set to \ while string is being pro-
cessed. Any emboldening, constant spacing or track kerning will be applied
to this object rather than to individual characters in string.
A character defined by this request can be used just like a normal character
provided by the output device. In particular other characters can be trans-
lated to it with the tr request; it can be made the leader character by the
lc request; repeated patterns can be drawn with the character using the \l
and \L escape sequences; words containing the character can be hyphenated
correctly, if the hcode request is used to give the character a hyphenation
code.
There is a special anti-recursion feature: use of character within the char-
acter’s definition will be handled like normal characters not defined with
char.
A character definition can be removed with the rchar request.
.chop xx
Chop the last character off macro, string, or diversion xx. This is useful
for removing the newline from the end of diversions that are to be interpo-
lated as strings.
.close stream
Close the stream named stream; stream will no longer be an acceptable argu-
ment to the write request. See the open request.
.continue
Finish the current iteration of a while loop. See also the while and break
requests.
.color n
If n is non-zero or missing, enable colors (this is the default), otherwise
disable them.
.cp n If n is non-zero or missing, enable compatibility mode, otherwise disable
it. In compatibility mode, long names are not recognised, and the incompat-
ibilities caused by long names do not arise.
.defcolor xxx scheme color_components
Define color. scheme can be one of the following values: rgb (three compo-
nents), cym (three components), cmyk (four components), and gray or grey
(one component). Color components can be given either as a hexadecimal
string or as positive decimal integers in the range 0-65535. A hexadecimal
string contains all color components concatenated; it must start with either
# or ##. The former specifies hex values in the range 0-255 (which are
internally multiplied by 257), the latter in the range 0-65535. Examples:
#FFC0CB (pink), ##ffff0000ffff (magenta). A new scaling indicator f has
been introduced which multiplies its value by 65536; this makes it conve-
nient to specify color components as fractions in the range 0 to 1. Exam-
ple:
.defcolor darkgreen rgb 0.1f 0.5f 0.2f
Note that f is the default scaling indicator for the defcolor request, thus
the above statement is equivalent to
.defcolor darkgreen rgb 0.1 0.5 0.2
The color named default (which is device-specific) can’t be redefined. It
is possible that the default color for \M and \m is not the same.
.dei xx yy
Define macro indirectly. The following example
.ds xx aa
.ds yy bb
.dei xx yy
is equivalent to
.de aa bb
.de1 xx yy
Similar to .de, but compatibility mode is switched off during execution. On
entry, the current compatibility mode is saved and restored at exit.
.do xxx
Interpret .xxx with compatibility mode disabled. For example,
.do fam T
would have the same effect as
.fam T
except that it would work even if compatibility mode had been enabled. Note
that the previous compatibility mode is restored before any files sourced by
xxx are interpreted.
.ds1 xx yy
Similar to .ds, but compatibility mode is switched off during expansion. To
be more precise, a ‘compatibility save’ token is inserted at the beginning
of the string, and a ‘compatibility restore’ token at the end.
.ecs Save current escape character.
.ecr Restore escape character saved with ecs. Without a previous call to ecs,
‘\’ will be the new escape character.
.evc xx
Copy the contents of environment xx to the current environment. No pushing
or popping of environments will be done.
.fam xx
Set the current font family to xx. The current font family is part of the
current environment. If xx is missing, switch back to previous font family.
The value at start-up is ‘T’. See the description of the sty request for
more information on font families.
.fchar c string
Define fallback character c to be string. The syntax of this request is the
same as the char request; the only difference is that a character defined
with char hides the glyph with the same name in the current font, whereas a
character defined with fchar is checked only if the particular glyph isn’t
found in the current font. This test happens before checking special fonts.
.fspecial f s1 s2...
When the current font is f, fonts s1, s2,... will be special, that is, they
will searched for characters not in the current font. Any fonts specified
in the special request will be searched after fonts specified in the fspe-
cial request.
.ftr f g
Translate font f to g. Whenever a font named f is referred to in an \f
escape sequence, or in the ft, ul, bd, cs, tkf, special, fspecial, fp, or
sty requests, font g will be used. If g is missing, or equal to f then font
f will not be translated.
.hcode c1 code1 c2 code2...
Set the hyphenation code of character c1 to code1 and that of c2 to code2.
A hyphenation code must be a single input character (not a special charac-
ter) other than a digit or a space. Initially each lower-case letter a-z
has a hyphenation code, which is itself, and each upper-case letter A-Z has
a hyphenation code which is the lower-case version of itself. See also the
hpf request.
.hla lang
Set the current hyphenation language to lang. Hyphenation exceptions speci-
fied with the hw request and hyphenation patterns specified with the hpf
request are both associated with the current hyphenation language. The hla
request is usually invoked by the troffrc file.
.hlm n Set the maximum number of consecutive hyphenated lines to n. If n is nega-
tive, there is no maximum. The default value is -1. This value is associ-
ated with the current environment. Only lines output from an environment
count towards the maximum associated with that environment. Hyphens result-
ing from \% are counted; explicit hyphens are not.
.hpf file
Read hyphenation patterns from file; this will be searched for in the same
way that name.tmac is searched for when the -mname option is specified. It
should have the same format as (simple) TeX patterns files. More specifi-
cally, the following scanning rules are implemented.
· A percent sign starts a comment (up to the end of the line) even if
preceded by a backslash.
· No support for ‘digraphs’ like \$.
· ^^xx (x is 0-9 or a-f) and ^^x (character code of x in the range
0-127) are recognized; other use of ^ causes an error.
· No macro expansion.
· hpf checks for the expression \patterns{...} (possibly with whites-
pace before and after the braces). Everything between the braces is
taken as hyphenation patterns. Consequently, { and } are not allowed
in patterns.
· Similarly, \hyphenation{...} gives a list of hyphenation exceptions.
· \endinput is recognized also.
· For backwards compatibility, if \patterns is missing, the whole file
is treated as a list of hyphenation patterns (only recognizing the
% character as the start of a comment).
Use the hpfcode request to map the encoding used in hyphenation patterns
files to groff’s input encoding.
The set of hyphenation patterns is associated with the current language set
by the hla request. The hpf request is usually invoked by the troffrc file;
a second call replaces the old patterns with the new ones.
.hpfa file
The same as hpf except that the hyphenation patterns from file are appended
to the patterns already loaded in the current language.
.hpfcode a b c d ...
After reading a hyphenation patterns file with the hpf or hpfa request, con-
vert all characters with character code a in the recently read patterns to
character code b, character code c to d, etc. Initially, all character
codes map to themselves. The arguments of hpfcode must be integers in the
range 0 to 255. Note that it is even possible to use character codes which
are invalid in groff otherwise.
.hym n Set the hyphenation margin to n: when the current adjustment mode is not b,
the line will not be hyphenated if the line is no more than n short. The
default hyphenation margin is 0. The default scaling indicator for this
request is m. The hyphenation margin is associated with the current envi-
ronment. The current hyphenation margin is available in the \n[.hym] regis-
ter.
.hys n Set the hyphenation space to n: when the current adjustment mode is b don’t
hyphenate the line if the line can be justified by adding no more than n
extra space to each word space. The default hyphenation space is 0. The
default scaling indicator for this request is m. The hyphenation space is
associated with the current environment. The current hyphenation space is
available in the \n[.hys] register.
.itc n macro
Variant of .it for which a line interrupted with \c counts as one input
line.
.kern n
If n is non-zero or missing, enable pairwise kerning, otherwise disable it.
.length xx string
Compute the length of string and return it in the number register xx (which
is not necessarily defined before).
.linetabs n
If n is non-zero or missing, enable line-tabs mode, otherwise disable it
(which is the default). In line-tabs mode, tab distances are computed rela-
tive to the (current) output line. Otherwise they are taken relative to the
input line. For example, the following
.ds x a\t\c
.ds y b\t\c
.ds z c
.ta 1i 3i
\*x
\*y
\*z
yields
a b c
In line-tabs mode, the same code gives
a b c
Line-tabs mode is associated with the current environment; the read-only
number register \n[.linetabs] is set to 1 if in line-tabs mode, and 0 other-
wise.
.mso file
The same as the so request except that file is searched for in the same
directories as macro files for the the -m command line option. If the file
name to be included has the form name.tmac and it isn’t found, mso tries to
include tmac.name instead and vice versa.
.nop anything
Execute anything. This is similar to ‘.if 1’.
.nroff Make the n built-in condition true and the t built-in condition false. This
can be reversed using the troff request.
.open stream filename
Open filename for writing and associate the stream named stream with it.
See also the close and write requests.
.opena stream filename
Like open, but if filename exists, append to it instead of truncating it.
.output string
Emit string directly to the intermediate output (subject to copy-mode inter-
pretation); this is similar to \! used at the top level. An initial double
quote in string is stripped off to allow initial blanks.
.pnr Print the names and contents of all currently defined number registers on
stderr.
.psbb filename
Get the bounding box of a PostScript image filename. This file must conform
to Adobe’s Document Structuring Conventions; the command looks for a
%%BoundingBox comment to extract the bounding box values. After a success-
ful call, the coordinates (in PostScript units) of the lower left and upper
right corner can be found in the registers \n[llx], \n[lly], \n[urx], and
\n[ury], respectively. If some error has occurred, the four registers are
set to zero.
.pso command
This behaves like the so request except that input comes from the standard
output of command.
.ptr Print the names and positions of all traps (not including input line traps
and diversion traps) on stderr. Empty slots in the page trap list are
printed as well, because they can affect the priority of subsequently
planted traps.
.pvs ±n
Set the post-vertical line space to n; default scale indicator is p. This
value will be added to each line after it has been output. With no argu-
ment, the post-vertical line space is set to its previous value.
The total vertical line spacing consists of four components: .vs and \x with
a negative value which are applied before the line is output, and .pvs and
\x with a positive value which are applied after the line is output.
.rchar c1 c2...
Remove the definitions of characters c1, c2,... This undoes the effect of a
char request.
.return
Within a macro, return immediately. No effect otherwise.
.rj
.rj n Right justify the next n input lines. Without an argument right justify the
next input line. The number of lines to be right justified is available in
the \n[.rj] register. This implicitly does .ce 0. The ce request implic-
itly does .rj 0.
.rnn xx yy
Rename number register xx to yy.
.shc c Set the soft hyphen character to c. If c is omitted, the soft hyphen char-
acter will be set to the default \(hy. The soft hyphen character is the
character which will be inserted when a word is hyphenated at a line break.
If the soft hyphen character does not exist in the font of the character
immediately preceding a potential break point, then the line will not be
broken at that point. Neither definitions (specified with the char request)
nor translations (specified with the tr request) are considered when finding
the soft hyphen character.
.shift n
In a macro, shift the arguments by n positions: argument i becomes argument
i-n; arguments 1 to n will no longer be available. If n is missing, argu-
ments will be shifted by 1. Shifting by negative amounts is currently unde-
fined.
.sizes s1 s2...sn [0]
This command is similar to the sizes command of a DESC file. It sets the
available font sizes for the current font to s1, s2,..., sn scaled points.
The list of sizes can be terminated by an optional 0. Each si can also be a
range of sizes m-n. Contrary to the font file command, the list can’t
extend over more than a single line.
.special s1 s2...
Fonts s1, s2, are special and will be searched for characters not in the
current font.
.spreadwarn limit
Make troff emit a warning if the additional space inserted for each space
between words in an output line is larger or equal to limit. A negative
value is changed to zero; no argument toggles the warning on and off without
changing limit. The default scaling indicator is m. At startup, spreadwarn
is deactivated, and limit is set to 3m. For example, .spreadwarn 0.2m will
cause a warning if troff must add 0.2m or more for each interword space in a
line. This request is active only if text is justified to both margins
(using .ad b).
.sty n f
Associate style f with font position n. A font position can be associated
either with a font or with a style. The current font is the index of a font
position and so is also either a font or a style. When it is a style, the
font that is actually used is the font the name of which is the concatena-
tion of the name of the current family and the name of the current style.
For example, if the current font is 1 and font position 1 is associated with
style R and the current font family is T, then font TR will be used. If the
current font is not a style, then the current family is ignored. When the
requests cs, bd, tkf, uf, or fspecial are applied to a style, then they will
instead be applied to the member of the current family corresponding to that
style. The default family can be set with the -f option. The styles com-
mand in the DESC file controls which font positions (if any) are initially
associated with styles rather than fonts.
.substring xx n1 [n2]
Replace the string named xx with the substring defined by the indices n1 and
n2. The first character in the string has index 0. If n2 is omitted, it is
taken to be equal to the string’s length. If the index value n1 or n2 is
negative, it will be counted from the end of the string, going backwards:
The last character has index -1, the character before the last character has
index -2, etc.
.tkf f s1 n1 s2 n2
Enable track kerning for font f. When the current font is f the width of
every character will be increased by an amount between n1 and n2; when the
current point size is less than or equal to s1 the width will be increased
by n1; when it is greater than or equal to s2 the width will be increased by
n2; when the point size is greater than or equal to s1 and less than or
equal to s2 the increase in width is a linear function of the point size.
.tm1 string
Similar to the tm request, string is read in copy mode and written on the
standard error, but an initial double quote in string is stripped off to
allow initial blanks.
.tmc string
Similar to tm1 but without writing a final newline.
.trf filename
Transparently output the contents of file filename. Each line is output as
if preceded by \!; however, the lines are not subject to copy-mode interpre-
tation. If the file does not end with a newline, then a newline will be
added. For example, you can define a macro x containing the contents of
file f, using
.di x
.trf f
.di
Unlike with the cf request, the file cannot contain characters such as NUL
that are not legal troff input characters.
.trin abcd
This is the same as the tr request except that the asciify request will use
the character code (if any) before the character translation. Example:
.trin ax
.di xxx
a
.br
.di
.xxx
.trin aa
.asciify xxx
.xxx
The result is x a. Using tr, the result would be x x.
.trnt abcd
This is the same as the tr request except that the translations do not apply
to text that is transparently throughput into a diversion with \!. For
example,
.tr ab
.di x
\!.tm a
.di
.x
will print b; if trnt is used instead of tr it will print a.
.troff Make the n built-in condition false, and the t built-in condition true.
This undoes the effect of the nroff request.
.unformat xx
This request ‘unformats’ the diversion xx. Contrary to the .asciify
request, which tries to convert formatted elements of the diversion back to
input tokens as much as possible, .unformat will only handle tabs and spaces
between words (usually caused by spaces or newlines in the input) specially.
The former are treated as if they were input tokens, and the latter are
stretchable again. Note that the vertical size of lines is not preserved.
Glyph information (font, font size, space width, etc.) is retained. Useful
in conjunction with the .box and .boxa requests.
.vpt n Enable vertical position traps if n is non-zero, disable them otherwise.
Vertical position traps are traps set by the wh or dt requests. Traps set
by the it request are not vertical position traps. The parameter that con-
trols whether vertical position traps are enabled is global. Initially ver-
tical position traps are enabled.
.warn n
Control warnings. n is the sum of the numbers associated with each warning
that is to be enabled; all other warnings will be disabled. The number
associated with each warning is listed in troff(1). For example, .warn 0
will disable all warnings, and .warn 1 will disable all warnings except that
about missing characters. If n is not given, all warnings will be enabled.
.warnscale si
Set the scaling indicator used in warnings to si. Valid values for si are
u, i, c, p, and P. At startup, it is set to i.
.while c anything
While condition c is true, accept anything as input; c can be any condition
acceptable to an if request; anything can comprise multiple lines if the
first line starts with \{ and the last line ends with \}. See also the
break and continue requests.
.write stream anything
Write anything to the stream named stream. stream must previously have been
the subject of an open request. anything is read in copy mode; a leading "
will be stripped.
.writec stream anything
Similar to write but without writing a final newline.
.writem stream xx
Write the contents of the macro or string xx to the stream named stream.
stream must previously have been the subject of an open request. xx is read
in copy mode.
Extended requests
.cf filename
When used in a diversion, this will embed in the diversion an object which,
when reread, will cause the contents of filename to be transparently copied
through to the output. In UNIX troff, the contents of filename is immedi-
ately copied through to the output regardless of whether there is a current
diversion; this behaviour is so anomalous that it must be considered a bug.
.ev xx If xx is not a number, this will switch to a named environment called xx.
The environment should be popped with a matching ev request without any
arguments, just as for numbered environments. There is no limit on the num-
ber of named environments; they will be created the first time that they are
referenced.
.ss m n
When two arguments are given to the ss request, the second argument gives
the sentence space size. If the second argument is not given, the sentence
space size will be the same as the word space size. Like the word space
size, the sentence space is in units of one twelfth of the spacewidth param-
eter for the current font. Initially both the word space size and the sen-
tence space size are 12. Contrary to UNIX troff, GNU troff handles this
request in nroff mode also; a given value is then rounded down to the near-
est multiple of 12. The sentence space size is used in two circumstances.
If the end of a sentence occurs at the end of a line in fill mode, then both
an inter-word space and a sentence space will be added; if two spaces follow
the end of a sentence in the middle of a line, then the second space will be
a sentence space. Note that the behaviour of UNIX troff will be exactly
that exhibited by GNU troff if a second argument is never given to the ss
request. In GNU troff, as in UNIX troff, you should always follow a sen-
tence with either a newline or two spaces.
.ta n1 n2...nn T r1 r2...rn
Set tabs at positions n1, n2,..., nn and then set tabs at nn+r1, nn+r2,...,
nn+rn and then at nn+rn+r1, nn+rn+r2,..., nn+rn+rn, and so on. For example,
.ta T .5i
will set tabs every half an inch.
New number registers
The following read-only registers are available:
\n[.C] 1 if compatibility mode is in effect, 0 otherwise.
\n[.cdp]
The depth of the last character added to the current environment. It is
positive if the character extends below the baseline.
\n[.ce]
The number of lines remaining to be centered, as set by the ce request.
\n[.cht]
The height of the last character added to the current environment. It is
positive if the character extends above the baseline.
\n[.color]
1 if colors are enabled, 0 otherwise.
\n[.csk]
The skew of the last character added to the current environment. The skew
of a character is how far to the right of the center of a character the cen-
ter of an accent over that character should be placed.
\n[.ev]
The name or number of the current environment. This is a string-valued reg-
ister.
\n[.fam]
The current font family. This is a string-valued register.
\n[.fn]
The current (internal) real font name. This is a string-valued register.
If the current font is a style, the value of \n[.fn] is the proper concate-
nation of family and style name.
\n[.fp]
The number of the next free font position.
\n[.g] Always 1. Macros should use this to determine whether they are running
under GNU troff.
\n[.hla]
The current hyphenation language as set by the hla request.
\n[.hlc]
The number of immediately preceding consecutive hyphenated lines.
\n[.hlm]
The maximum allowed number of consecutive hyphenated lines, as set by the
hlm request.
\n[.hy]
The current hyphenation flags (as set by the hy request).
\n[.hym]
The current hyphenation margin (as set by the hym request).
\n[.hys]
The current hyphenation space (as set by the hys request).
\n[.in]
The indent that applies to the current output line.
\n[.int]
Set to a positive value if last output line is interrupted (i.e., if it con-
tains \c).
\n[.kern]
1 if pairwise kerning is enabled, 0 otherwise.
\n[.lg]
The current ligature mode (as set by the lg request).
\n[.linetabs]
The current line-tabs mode (as set by the linetabs request).
\n[.ll]
The line length that applies to the current output line.
\n[.lt]
The title length as set by the lt request.
\n[.ne]
The amount of space that was needed in the last ne request that caused a
trap to be sprung. Useful in conjunction with the \n[.trunc] register.
\n[.ns]
1 if no-space mode is active, 0 otherwise.
\n[.pn]
The number of the next page, either the value set by a pn request, or the
number of the current page plus 1.
\n[.ps]
The current pointsize in scaled points.
\n[.psr]
The last-requested pointsize in scaled points.
\n[.pvs]
The current post-vertical line space as set with the pvs request.
\n[.rj]
The number of lines to be right-justified as set by the rj request.
\n[.sr]
The last requested pointsize in points as a decimal fraction. This is a
string-valued register.
\n[.ss]
\n[.sss]
These give the values of the parameters set by the first and second argu-
ments of the ss request.
\n[.tabs]
A string representation of the current tab settings suitable for use as an
argument to the ta request.
\n[.trunc]
The amount of vertical space truncated by the most recently sprung vertical
position trap, or, if the trap was sprung by a ne request, minus the amount
of vertical motion produced by the ne request. In other words, at the
point a trap is sprung, it represents the difference of what the verti-
cal position would have been but for the trap, and what the vertical posi-
tion actually is. Useful in conjunction with the \n[.ne] register.
\n[.vpt]
1 if vertical position traps are enabled, 0 otherwise.
\n[.warn]
The sum of the numbers associated with each of the currently enabled warn-
ings. The number associated with each warning is listed in troff(1).
\n[.x] The major version number. For example, if the version number is 1.03, then
\n[.x] will contain 1.
\n[.y] The minor version number. For example, if the version number is 1.03, then
\n[.y] will contain 03.
\n[.Y] The revision number of groff.
\n[llx]
\n[lly]
\n[urx]
\n[ury]
These four registers are set by the .psbb request and contain the bounding
box values (in PostScript units) of a given PostScript image.
The following read/write registers are set by the \w escape sequence:
\n[rst]
\n[rsb]
Like the st and sb registers, but take account of the heights and depths of
characters.
\n[ssc]
The amount of horizontal space (possibly negative) that should be added to
the last character before a subscript.
\n[skw]
How far to right of the center of the last character in the \w argument, the
center of an accent from a roman font should be placed over that character.
Other available read/write number registers are:
\n[c.] The current input line number. \n[.c] is a read-only alias to this regis-
ter.
\n[hours]
The number of hours past midnight. Initialized at start-up.
\n[hp] The current horizontal position at input line.
\n[minutes]
The number of minutes after the hour. Initialized at start-up.
\n[seconds]
The number of seconds after the minute. Initialized at start-up.
\n[systat]
The return value of the system() function executed by the last sy request.
\n[slimit]
If greater than 0, the maximum number of objects on the input stack. If
less than or equal to 0, there is no limit on the number of objects on the
input stack. With no limit, recursion can continue until virtual memory is
exhausted.
\n[year]
The current year. Note that the traditional troff number register \n[yr] is
the current year minus 1900.
Miscellaneous
troff predefines a single (read/write) string-based register, \*(.T, which contains
the argument given to the -T command line option, namely the current output device
(for example, latin1 or ascii). Note that this is not the same as the (read-only)
number register \n[.T] which is defined to be 1 if troff is called with the -T com-
mand line option, and zero otherwise. This behaviour is different to UNIX troff.
Fonts not listed in the DESC file are automatically mounted on the next available
font position when they are referenced. If a font is to be mounted explicitly with
the fp request on an unused font position, it should be mounted on the first unused
font position, which can be found in the \n[.fp] register; although troff does not
enforce this strictly, it will not allow a font to be mounted at a position whose
number is much greater than that of any currently used position.
Interpolating a string does not hide existing macro arguments. Thus in a macro, a
more efficient way of doing
.xx \\$@
is
\\*[xx]\\
If the font description file contains pairwise kerning information, characters from
that font will be kerned. Kerning between two characters can be inhibited by plac-
ing a \& between them.
In a string comparison in a condition, characters that appear at different input
levels to the first delimiter character will not be recognised as the second or
third delimiters. This applies also to the tl request. In a \w escape sequence, a
character that appears at a different input level to the starting delimiter charac-
ter will not be recognised as the closing delimiter character. The same is true
for \A, \b, \B, \C, \l, \L, \o, \X, and \Z. When decoding a macro or string argu-
ment that is delimited by double quotes, a character that appears at a different
input level to the starting delimiter character will not be recognised as the clos-
ing delimiter character. The implementation of \$@ ensures that the double quotes
surrounding an argument will appear the same input level, which will be different
to the input level of the argument itself. In a long escape name ] will not be
recognized as a closing delimiter except when it occurs at the same input level as
the opening ]. In compatibility mode, no attention is paid to the input-level.
There are some new types of condition:
.if rxxx
True if there is a number register named xxx.
.if dxxx
True if there is a string, macro, diversion, or request named xxx.
.if mxxx
True if there is a color named xxx.
.if cch
True if there is a character ch available; ch is either an ASCII character
or a special character \(xx or \[xxx]; the condition will also be true if ch
has been defined by the char request.
The tr request can now map characters onto \~.
It is now possible to have whitespace between the first and second dot (or the name
of the ending macro) to end a macro definition. Example:
.de foo
. nop Hello, Iâ€â€™m â€â€˜fooâ€â€™.
. nop I will now define â€â€˜barâ€â€™.
. de bar
. nop Hello, Iâ€â€™m â€â€˜barâ€â€™.
. .
. nop Done.
..
.foo
.bar
INTERMEDIATE OUTPUT FORMAT
This section describes the format output by GNU troff. The output format used by
GNU troff is very similar to that used by Unix device-independent troff. Only the
differences are documented here.
Units
The argument to the s command is in scaled points (units of points/n, where n is
the argument to the sizescale command in the DESC file). The argument to the
x Height command is also in scaled points.
Text Commands
Nn Print character with index n (a non-negative integer) of the current font.
If the tcommand line is present in the DESC file, troff will use the following two
commands.
txxx xxx is any sequence of characters terminated by a space or a newline; the
first character should be printed at the current position, the current hori-
zontal position should be increased by the width of the first character, and
so on for each character. The width of the character is that given in the
font file, appropriately scaled for the current point size, and rounded so
that it is a multiple of the horizontal resolution. Special characters can-
not be printed using this command.
un xxx This is same as the t command except that after printing each character, the
current horizontal position is increased by the sum of the width of that
character and n.
Note that single characters can have the eighth bit set, as can the names of fonts
and special characters.
The names of characters and fonts can be of arbitrary length; drivers should not
assume that they will be only two characters long.
When a character is to be printed, that character will always be in the current
font. Unlike device-independent troff, it is not necessary for drivers to search
special fonts to find a character.
For color support, some new commands have been added:
mc cyan magenta yellow
md
mg gray
mk cyan magenta yellow black
mr red green blue
Set the color components of the current drawing color, using various color
schemes. md resets the drawing color to the default value. The arguments
are integers in the range 0 to 65536.
The x device control command has been extended.
x u n If n is 1, start underlining of spaces. If n is 0, stop underlining of
spaces. This is needed for the cu request in nroff mode and is ignored oth-
erwise.
Drawing Commands
The D drawing command has been extended. These extensions will not be used by GNU
pic if the -n option is given.
Df n\n Set the shade of gray to be used for filling solid objects to n; n must be
an integer between 0 and 1000, where 0 corresponds solid white and 1000 to
solid black, and values in between correspond to intermediate shades of
gray. This applies only to solid circles, solid ellipses and solid poly-
gons. By default, a level of 1000 will be used. Whatever color a solid
object has, it should completely obscure everything beneath it. A value
greater than 1000 or less than 0 can also be used: this means fill with the
shade of gray that is currently being used for lines and text. Normally
this will be black, but some drivers may provide a way of changing this.
DC d\n Draw a solid circle with a diameter of d with the leftmost point at the cur-
rent position.
DE dx dy\n
Draw a solid ellipse with a horizontal diameter of dx and a vertical diame-
ter of dy with the leftmost point at the current position.
Dp dx1 dy1 dx2 dy2 ... dxn dyn\n
Draw a polygon with, for i=1,...,n+1, the i-th vertex at the current posi-
tion +_âˆ=Σ1(dxj,dyj). At the moment, GNU pic only uses this command to gener-
ate triangles and rectangles.
DP dx1 dy1 dx2 dy2 ... dxn dyn\n
Like Dp but draw a solid rather than outlined polygon.
Dt n\n Set the current line thickness to n machine units. Traditionally Unix troff
drivers use a line thickness proportional to the current point size; drivers
should continue to do this if no Dt command has been given, or if a Dt com-
mand has been given with a negative value of n. A zero value of n selects
the smallest available line thickness.
A difficulty arises in how the current position should be changed after the execu-
tion of these commands. This is not of great importance since the code generated
by GNU pic does not depend on this. Given a drawing command of the form
\Dâ€â€²c x1 y1 x2 y2 ... xn yn′
where c is not one of c, e, l, a, or ~, Unix troff will treat each of the xi as a
horizontal quantity, and each of the yi as a vertical quantity and will assume that
the width of the drawn object is i=£1xi, and that the height is i=£1yi. (The assump-
tion about the height can be seen by examining the st and sb registers after using
such a D command in a \w escape sequence). This rule also holds for all the origi-
nal drawing commands with the exception of De. For the sake of compatibility GNU
troff also follows this rule, even though it produces an ugly result in the case of
the Dt, and, to a lesser extent, DE commands. Thus after executing a D command of
the form
Dc x1 y1 x2 y2 ... xn yn\n
the current position should be increased by (i=£1xi,i=£1yi).
Another set of extensions is
DFc cyan magenta yellow\n
DFd\n
DFg gray\n
DFk cyan magenta yellow black\n
DFr red green blue\n
Set the color components of the filling color similar to the m commands
above.
Note that Df is now mapped onto DFg. The current position isn’t changed by those
colour commands.
Device Control Commands
There is a continuation convention which permits the argument to the x X command to
contain newlines: when outputting the argument to the x X command, GNU troff will
follow each newline in the argument with a + character (as usual, it will terminate
the entire argument with a newline); thus if the line after the line containing the
x X command starts with +, then the newline ending the line containing the x X com-
mand should be treated as part of the argument to the x X command, the + should be
ignored, and the part of the line following the + should be treated like the part
of the line following the x X command.
The first three output commands are guaranteed to be:
x T device
x res n h v
x init
INCOMPATIBILITIES
In spite of the many extensions, groff has retained compatibility to classical
troff to a large degree. For the cases where the extensions lead to collisions, a
special compatibility mode with the restricted, old functionality was created for
groff.
Groff Language
groff provides a compatibility mode that allows to process roff code written for
classical or for other implementations of roff in a consistent way.
Compatibility mode can be turned on with the -C command line option, and turned on
or off with the .cp request. The number register \n(.C is 1 if compatibility mode
is on, 0 otherwise.
This became necessary because the GNU concept for long names causes some incompati-
bilities. Classical troff interprets
.dsabcd
as defining a string ab with contents cd. In groff mode, this will be considered
as a call of a macro named dsabcd.
Also classical troff interprets \*[ or \n[ as references to a string or number reg-
ister called [ while groff takes this as the start of a long name.
In compatibility mode, groff interprets these things in the traditional way; so
long names are not recognized.
On the other hand, groff in GNU native mode does not allow to use the single-char-
acter escapes \\ (backslash), \| (vertical bar), \^ (caret), \& (ampersand), \{
(opening brace), \} (closing brace), ‘\ ’ (space), \â€â€™ (single quote), \â€â€˜ (back-
quote), \- (minus), \_ (underline), \! (bang), \% (percent), and \c (character c)
in names of strings, macros, diversions, number registers, fonts or environments,
whereas classical troff does.
The \A escape sequence can be helpful in avoiding these escape sequences in names.
Fractional pointsizes cause one noteworthy incompatibility. In classical troff,
the ps request ignores scale indicators and so
.ps 10u
will set the pointsize to 10 points, whereas in groff native mode the pointsize
will be set to 10 scaled points.
In groff mode, there is a fundamental difference between unformatted input charac-
ters, and formatted output characters. Everything that affects how an output char-
acter will be output is stored with the character; once an output character has
been constructed it is unaffected by any subsequent requests that are executed,
including the bd, cs, tkf, tr, or fp requests.
Normally output characters are constructed from input characters at the moment
immediately before the character is added to the current output line. Macros,
diversions and strings are all, in fact, the same type of object; they contain
lists of input characters and output characters in any combination.
An output character does not behave like an input character for the purposes of
macro processing; it does not inherit any of the special properties that the input
character from which it was constructed might have had. The following example will
make things clearer.
.di x
\\\\
.br
.di
.x
In GNU mode this will be printed as \\. So each pair of input backslashes ‘\\’ is
turned into a single output backslash ‘\’ and the resulting output backslashes are
not interpreted as escape characters when they are reread.
Classical troff would interpret them as escape characters when they were reread and
would end up printing a single backslash ‘\’.
In GNU, the correct way to get a printable version of the backslash character ‘\’
is the \(rs escape sequence, but classical troff does not provide a clean feature
for getting a non-syntactical backslash. A close method is the printable version
of the current escape character using the \e escape sequence; this works if the
current escape character is not redefined. It works in both GNU mode and compati-
bility mode, while dirty tricks like specifying a sequence of multiple backslashes
do not work reliably; for the different handling in diversions, macro definitions,
or text mode quickly leads to a confusion about the necessary number of back-
slashes.
To store an escape sequence in a diversion that will be interpreted when the diver-
sion is reread, either the traditional \! transparent output facility or the new \?
escape sequence can be used.
Intermediate Output
The groff intermediate output format is in a state of evolution. So far it has
some incompatibilities, but it is intended to establish a full compatibility to the
classical troff output format. Actually the following incompatibilities exist:
· The positioning after the drawing of the polygons conflicts with the classical
definition.
· The intermediate output cannot be rescaled to other devices as classical "device-
independent" troff did.
AUTHORS
Copyright (C) 1989, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This document is distributed under the terms of the FDL (GNU Free Documentation
License) version 1.1 or later. You should have received a copy of the FDL on your
system, it is also available on-line at the GNU copyleft site 〈http://www.gnu.org/
copyleft/fdl.html〉. This document was written by James Clark, with modifications
by Werner Lemberg 〈wl AT gnu.org〉 and Bernd Warken 〈bwarken AT mayn.de〉.
This document is part of groff, the GNU roff distribution. Formerly, the contents
of this document was kept in the manual page troff(1). Only the parts dealing with
the language aspects of the different roff systems were carried over into this doc-
ument. The troff command line options and warnings are still documented in
troff(1).
SEE ALSO
The groff info file, cf. info(1) presents all groff documentation within a single
document.
groff(1)
A list of all documentation around groff.
groff(7)
A description of the groff language, including a short, but complete refer-
ence of all predefined requests, registers, and escapes of plain groff.
From the command line, this is called using
shell# man 7 groff
roff(7)
A survey of roff systems, including pointers to further historical documen-
tation.
[CSTR #54]
The Nroff/Troff User’s Manual by J. F. Osanna of 1976 in the revision of
Brian Kernighan of 1992, being the classical troff documentation 〈http://
cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/cstr/54.ps.gz〉.
Groff Version 1.18.1.1 05 July 2002 GROFF_DIFF(7)
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