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EQN(1) EQN(1)
NAME
eqn - format equations for troff
SYNOPSIS
eqn [ -rvCNR ] [ -dxy ] [ -Tname ] [ -Mdir ] [ -fF ] [ -sn ] [ -pn ] [ -mn ]
[ files... ]
It is possible to have whitespace between a command line option and its parameter.
DESCRIPTION
This manual page describes the GNU version of eqn, which is part of the groff docu-
ment formatting system. eqn compiles descriptions of equations embedded within
troff input files into commands that are understood by troff. Normally, it should
be invoked using the -e option of groff. The syntax is quite compatible with Unix
eqn. The output of GNU eqn cannot be processed with Unix troff; it must be pro-
cessed with GNU troff. If no files are given on the command line, the standard
input will be read. A filename of - will cause the standard input to be read.
eqn searches for the file eqnrc in the directories given with the -M option first,
then in /usr/lib/groff/site-tmac, /usr/share/groff/site-tmac, and finally in the
standard macro directory /usr/share/groff/1.18.1.1/tmac. If it exists, eqn will
process it before the other input files. The -R option prevents this.
GNU eqn does not provide the functionality of neqn: it does not support low-resolu-
tion, typewriter-like devices (although it may work adequately for very simple
input).
OPTIONS
-dxy Specify delimiters x and y for the left and right end, respectively, of in-
line equations. Any delim statements in the source file overrides this.
-C Recognize .EQ and .EN even when followed by a character other than space or
newline.
-N Donβt allow newlines within delimiters. This option allows eqn to recover
better from missing closing delimiters.
-v Print the version number.
-r Only one size reduction.
-mn The minimum point-size is n. eqn will not reduce the size of subscripts or
superscripts to a smaller size than n.
-Tname The output is for device name. The only effect of this is to define a macro
name with a value of 1. Typically eqnrc will use this to provide defini-
tions appropriate for the output device. The default output device is ps.
-Mdir Search dir for eqnrc before the default directories.
-R Donβt load eqnrc.
-fF This is equivalent to a gfont F command.
-sn This is equivalent to a gsize n command. This option is deprecated. eqn
will normally set equations at whatever the current point size is when the
equation is encountered.
-pn This says that subscripts and superscripts should be n points smaller than
the surrounding text. This option is deprecated. Normally eqn makes sets
subscripts and superscripts at 70% of the size of the surrounding text.
USAGE
Only the differences between GNU eqn and Unix eqn are described here.
Most of the new features of GNU eqn are based on TeX. There are some references to
the differences between TeX and GNU eqn below; these may safely be ignored if you
do not know TeX.
Automatic spacing
eqn gives each component of an equation a type, and adjusts the spacing between
components using that type. Possible types are:
ordinary an ordinary character such as 1 or x;
operator a large operator such as Ξ£;
binary a binary operator such as +;
relation a relation such as =;
opening a opening bracket such as (;
closing a closing bracket such as );
punctuation a punctuation character such as ,;
inner a subformula contained within brackets;
suppress spacing that suppresses automatic spacing adjustment.
Components of an equation get a type in one of two ways.
type t e
This yields an equation component that contains e but that has type t, where
t is one of the types mentioned above. For example, times is defined as
type "binary" \(mu
The name of the type doesnβt have to be quoted, but quoting protects from
macro expansion.
chartype t text
Unquoted groups of characters are split up into individual characters, and
the type of each character is looked up; this changes the type that is
stored for each character; it says that the characters in text from now on
have type t. For example,
chartype "punctuation" .,;:
would make the characters .,;: have type punctuation whenever they subse-
quently appeared in an equation. The type t can also be letter or digit; in
these cases chartype changes the font type of the characters. See the Fonts
subsection.
New primitives
e1 smallover e2
This is similar to over; smallover reduces the size of e1 and e2; it also
puts less vertical space between e1 or e2 and the fraction bar. The over
primitive corresponds to the TeX \over primitive in display styles;
smallover corresponds to \over in non-display styles.
vcenter e
This vertically centers e about the math axis. The math axis is the verti-
cal position about which characters such as + and - are centered; also it is
the vertical position used for the bar of fractions. For example, sum is
defined as
{ type "operator" vcenter size +5 \(*S }
e1 accent e2
This sets e2 as an accent over e1. e2 is assumed to be at the correct
height for a lowercase letter; e2 will be moved down according if e1 is
taller or shorter than a lowercase letter. For example, hat is defined as
accent { "^" }
dotdot, dot, tilde, vec and dyad are also defined using the accent primi-
tive.
e1 uaccent e2
This sets e2 as an accent under e1. e2 is assumed to be at the correct
height for a character without a descender; e2 will be moved down if e1 has
a descender. utilde is pre-defined using uaccent as a tilde accent below
the baseline.
split "text"
This has the same effect as simply
text
but text is not subject to macro expansion because it is quoted; text will
be split up and the spacing between individual characters will be adjusted.
nosplit text
This has the same effect as
"text"
but because text is not quoted it will be subject to macro expansion; text
will not be split up and the spacing between individual characters will not
be adjusted.
e opprime
This is a variant of prime that acts as an operator on e. It produces a
different result from prime in a case such as A opprime sub 1: with opprime
the 1 will be tucked under the prime as a subscript to the A (as is conven-
tional in mathematical typesetting), whereas with prime the 1 will be a sub-
script to the prime character. The precedence of opprime is the same as
that of bar and under, which is higher than that of everything except accent
and uaccent. In unquoted text a ββ that is not the first character will be
treated like opprime.
special text e
This constructs a new object from e using a troff(1) macro named text. When
the macro is called, the string 0s will contain the output for e, and the
number registers 0w, 0h, 0d, 0skern and 0skew will contain the width,
height, depth, subscript kern, and skew of e. (The subscript kern of an
object says how much a subscript on that object should be tucked in; the
skew of an object says how far to the right of the center of the object an
accent over the object should be placed.) The macro must modify 0s so that
it will output the desired result with its origin at the current point, and
increase the current horizontal position by the width of the object. The
number registers must also be modified so that they correspond to the
result.
For example, suppose you wanted a construct that βcancelsβ an expression by
drawing a diagonal line through it.
.EQ
define cancel ββspecial Caββ
.EN
.de Ca
.ds 0s \Zββ\\*(0sββ\vββ\\n(0duββ\Dββl \\n(0wu -\\n(0hu-\\n(0duββ\vββ\\n(0huββ
..
Then you could cancel an expression e with cancel { e }
Hereβs a more complicated construct that draws a box round an expression:
.EQ
define box ββspecial Bxββ
.EN
.de Bx
.ds 0s \Zββ\hββ1nββ\\*(0sββ\
\Zββ\vββ\\n(0du+1nββ\Dββl \\n(0wu+2n 0ββ\Dββl 0 -\\n(0hu-\\n(0du-2nββ\
\Dββl -\\n(0wu-2n 0ββ\Dββl 0 \\n(0hu+\\n(0du+2nββββ\hββ\\n(0wu+2nββ
.nr 0w +2n
.nr 0d +1n
.nr 0h +1n
..
Customization
The appearance of equations is controlled by a large number of parameters. These
can be set using the set command.
set p n
This sets parameter p to value n ; n is an integer. For example,
set x_height 45
says that eqn should assume an x height of 0.45 ems.
Possible parameters are as follows. Values are in units of hundredths of an
em unless otherwise stated. These descriptions are intended to be exposi-
tory rather than definitive.
minimum_size eqn will not set anything at a smaller point-size
than this. The value is in points.
fat_offset The fat primitive emboldens an equation by over-
printing two copies of the equation horizontally
offset by this amount.
over_hang A fraction bar will be longer by twice this amount
than the maximum of the widths of the numerator and
denominator; in other words, it will overhang the
numerator and denominator by at least this amount.
accent_width When bar or under is applied to a single character,
the line will be this long. Normally, bar or under
produces a line whose length is the width of the
object to which it applies; in the case of a single
character, this tends to produce a line that looks
too long.
delimiter_factor Extensible delimiters produced with the left and
right primitives will have a combined height and
depth of at least this many thousandths of twice the
maximum amount by which the sub-equation that the
delimiters enclose extends away from the axis.
delimiter_shortfall Extensible delimiters produced with the left and
right primitives will have a combined height and
depth not less than the difference of twice the max-
imum amount by which the sub-equation that the
delimiters enclose extends away from the axis and
this amount.
null_delimiter_space This much horizontal space is inserted on each side
of a fraction.
script_space The width of subscripts and superscripts is
increased by this amount.
thin_space This amount of space is automatically inserted after
punctuation characters.
medium_space This amount of space is automatically inserted on
either side of binary operators.
thick_space This amount of space is automatically inserted on
either side of relations.
x_height The height of lowercase letters without ascenders
such as x.
axis_height The height above the baseline of the center of char-
acters such as + and β. It is important that this
value is correct for the font you are using.
default_rule_thickness This should set to the thickness of the \(ru charac-
ter, or the thickness of horizontal lines produced
with the \D escape sequence.
num1 The over command will shift up the numerator by at
least this amount.
num2 The smallover command will shift up the numerator by
at least this amount.
denom1 The over command will shift down the denominator by
at least this amount.
denom2 The smallover command will shift down the denomina-
tor by at least this amount.
sup1 Normally superscripts will be shifted up by at least
this amount.
sup2 Superscripts within superscripts or upper limits or
numerators of smallover fractions will be shifted up
by at least this amount. This is usually less than
sup1.
sup3 Superscripts within denominators or square roots or
subscripts or lower limits will be shifted up by at
least this amount. This is usually less than sup2.
sub1 Subscripts will normally be shifted down by at least
this amount.
sub2 When there is both a subscript and a superscript,
the subscript will be shifted down by at least this
amount.
sup_drop The baseline of a superscript will be no more than
this much amount below the top of the object on
which the superscript is set.
sub_drop The baseline of a subscript will be at least this
much below the bottom of the object on which the
subscript is set.
big_op_spacing1 The baseline of an upper limit will be at least this
much above the top of the object on which the limit
is set.
big_op_spacing2 The baseline of a lower limit will be at least this
much below the bottom of the object on which the
limit is set.
big_op_spacing3 The bottom of an upper limit will be at least this
much above the top of the object on which the limit
is set.
big_op_spacing4 The top of a lower limit will be at least this much
below the bottom of the object on which the limit is
set.
big_op_spacing5 This much vertical space will be added above and
below limits.
baseline_sep The baselines of the rows in a pile or matrix will
normally be this far apart. In most cases this
should be equal to the sum of num1 and denom1.
shift_down The midpoint between the top baseline and the bottom
baseline in a matrix or pile will be shifted down by
this much from the axis. In most cases this should
be equal to axis_height.
column_sep This much space will be added between columns in a
matrix.
matrix_side_sep This much space will be added at each side of a
matrix.
draw_lines If this is non-zero, lines will be drawn using the
\D escape sequence, rather than with the \l escape
sequence and the \(ru character.
body_height The amount by which the height of the equation
exceeds this will be added as extra space before the
line containing the equation (using \x.) The
default value is 85.
body_depth The amount by which the depth of the equation
exceeds this will be added as extra space after the
line containing the equation (using \x.) The
default value is 35.
nroff If this is non-zero, then ndefine will behave like
define and tdefine will be ignored, otherwise tde-
fine will behave like define and ndefine will be
ignored. The default value is 0 (This is typically
changed to 1 by the eqnrc file for the ascii,
latin1, utf8, and cp1047 devices.)
A more precise description of the role of many of these parameters can be
found in Appendix H of The TeXbook.
Macros
Macros can take arguments. In a macro body, $n where n is between 1 and 9, will be
replaced by the n-th argument if the macro is called with arguments; if there are
fewer than n arguments, it will be replaced by nothing. A word containing a left
parenthesis where the part of the word before the left parenthesis has been defined
using the define command will be recognized as a macro call with arguments; charac-
ters following the left parenthesis up to a matching right parenthesis will be
treated as comma-separated arguments; commas inside nested parentheses do not ter-
minate an argument.
sdefine name X anything X
This is like the define command, but name will not be recognized if called
with arguments.
include "file"
Include the contents of file. Lines of file beginning with .EQ or .EN will
be ignored.
ifdef name X anything X
If name has been defined by define (or has been automatically defined
because name is the output device) process anything; otherwise ignore any-
thing. X can be any character not appearing in anything.
Fonts
eqn normally uses at least two fonts to set an equation: an italic font for let-
ters, and a roman font for everything else. The existing gfont command changes the
font that is used as the italic font. By default this is I. The font that is used
as the roman font can be changed using the new grfont command.
grfont f
Set the roman font to f.
The italic primitive uses the current italic font set by gfont; the roman primitive
uses the current roman font set by grfont. There is also a new gbfont command,
which changes the font used by the bold primitive. If you only use the roman,
italic and bold primitives to changes fonts within an equation, you can change all
the fonts used by your equations just by using gfont, grfont and gbfont commands.
You can control which characters are treated as letters (and therefore set in ital-
ics) by using the chartype command described above. A type of letter will cause a
character to be set in italic type. A type of digit will cause a character to be
set in roman type.
FILES
/usr/share/groff/1.18.1.1/tmac/eqnrc Initialization file.
BUGS
Inline equations will be set at the point size that is current at the beginning of
the input line.
SEE ALSO
groff(1), troff(1), groff_font(5), The TeXbook
Groff Version 1.18.1.1 05 October 2001 EQN(1)
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