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CONSOLE_CODES(4) Linux Programmer’s Manual CONSOLE_CODES(4)
NAME
console_codes - Linux console escape and control sequences
DESCRIPTION
The Linux console implements a large subset of the VT102 and ECMA-48/ISO 6429/ANSI
X3.64 terminal controls, plus certain private-mode sequences for changing the color
palette, character-set mapping, etc. In the tabular descriptions below, the second
column gives ECMA-48 or DEC mnemonics (the latter if prefixed with DEC) for the
given function. Sequences without a mnemonic are neither ECMA-48 nor VT102.
After all the normal output processing has been done, and a stream of characters
arrives at the console driver for actual printing, the first thing that happens is
a translation from the code used for processing to the code used for printing.
If the console is in UTF-8 mode, then the incoming bytes are first assembled into
16-bit Unicode codes. Otherwise each byte is transformed according to the current
mapping table (which translates it to a Unicode value). See the CHARACTER SETS
section below for discussion.
In the normal case, the Unicode value is converted to a font index, and this is
stored in video memory, so that the corresponding glyph (as found in video ROM)
appears on the screen. Note that the use of Unicode (and the design of the PC
hardware) allows us to use 512 different glyphs simultaneously.
If the current Unicode value is a control character, or we are currently processing
an escape sequence, the value will treated specially. Instead of being turned into
a font index and rendered as a glyph, it may trigger cursor movement or other con-
trol functions. See the LINUX CONSOLE CONTROLS section below for discussion.
It is generally not good practice to hard-wire terminal controls into programs.
Linux supports a terminfo(5) database of terminal capabilities. Rather than emit-
ting console escape sequences by hand, you will almost always want to use a ter-
minfo-aware screen library or utility such as ncurses(3), tput(1), or reset(1).
LINUX CONSOLE CONTROLS
This section describes all the control characters and escape sequences that invoke
special functions (i.e. anything other than writing a glyph at the current cursor
location) on the Linux console.
Control characters
A character is a control character if (before transformation according to the map-
ping table) it has one of the 14 codes 00 (NUL), 07 (BEL), 08 (BS), 09 (HT), 0a
(LF), 0b (VT), 0c (FF), 0d (CR), 0e (SO), 0f (SI), 18 (CAN), 1a (SUB), 1b (ESC), 7f
(DEL). One can set a ‘display control characters’ mode (see below), and allow 07,
09, 0b, 18, 1a, 7f to be displayed as glyphs. On the other hand, in UTF-8 mode all
codes 00-1f are regarded as control characters, regardless of any ‘display control
characters’ mode.
If we have a control character, it is acted upon immediately and then discarded
(even in the middle of an escape sequence) and the escape sequence continues with
the next character. (However, ESC starts a new escape sequence, possibly aborting
a previous unfinished one, and CAN and SUB abort any escape sequence.) The recog-
nized control characters are BEL, BS, HT, LF, VT, FF, CR, SO, SI, CAN, SUB, ESC,
DEL, CSI. They do what one would expect:
BEL (0x07, ^G) beeps;
BS (0x08, ^H) backspaces one column (but not past the beginning of the line);
HT (0x09, ^I) goes to the next tab stop or to the end of the line if there is no
earlier tab stop;
LF (0x0A, ^J), VT (0x0B, ^K) and FF (0x0C, ^L) all give a linefeed;
CR (0x0D, ^M) gives a carriage return;
SO (0x0E, ^N) activates the G1 character set, and if LF/NL (new line mode) is set
also a carriage return;
SI (0x0F, ^O) activates the G0 character set;
CAN (0x18, ^X) and SUB (0x1A, ^Z) interrupt escape sequences;
ESC (0x1B, ^[) starts an escape sequence;
DEL (0x7F) is ignored;
CSI (0x9B) is equivalent to ESC [.
ESC- but not CSI-sequences
ESC c RIS Reset.
ESC D IND Linefeed.
ESC E NEL Newline.
ESC H HTS Set tab stop at current column.
ESC M RI Reverse linefeed.
ESC Z DECID DEC private identification. The kernel
returns the string ESC [ ? 6 c, claiming
that it is a VT102.
ESC 7 DECSC Save current state (cursor coordinates,
attributes, character sets pointed at by G0, G1).
ESC 8 DECRC Restore state most recently saved by ESC 7.
ESC [ CSI Control sequence introducer
ESC % Start sequence selecting character set
ESC % @ Select default (ISO 646 / ISO 8859-1)
ESC % G Select UTF-8
ESC % 8 Select UTF-8 (obsolete)
ESC # 8 DECALN DEC screen alignment test - fill screen with E’s.
ESC ( Start sequence defining G0 character set
ESC ( B Select default (ISO 8859-1 mapping)
ESC ( 0 Select vt100 graphics mapping
ESC ( U Select null mapping - straight to character ROM
ESC ( K Select user mapping - the map that is loaded by
the utility mapscrn(8).
ESC ) Start sequence defining G1
(followed by one of B, 0, U, K, as above).
ESC > DECPNM Set numeric keypad mode
ESC = DECPAM Set application keypad mode
ESC ] OSC (Should be: Operating system command)
ESC ] P nrrggbb: set palette, with parameter
given in 7 hexadecimal digits after the final P :-(.
Here n is the color (0-15), and rrggbb indicates
the red/green/blue values (0-255).
ESC ] R: reset palette
ECMA-48 CSI sequences
CSI (or ESC [) is followed by a sequence of parameters, at most NPAR (16), that are
decimal numbers separated by semicolons. An empty or absent parameter is taken to
be 0. The sequence of parameters may be preceded by a single question mark.
However, after CSI [ (or ESC [ [) a single character is read and this entire
sequence is ignored. (The idea is to ignore an echoed function key.)
The action of a CSI sequence is determined by its final character.
@ ICH Insert the indicated # of blank characters.
A CUU Move cursor up the indicated # of rows.
B CUD Move cursor down the indicated # of rows.
C CUF Move cursor right the indicated # of columns.
D CUB Move cursor left the indicated # of columns.
E CNL Move cursor down the indicated # of rows, to column 1.
F CPL Move cursor up the indicated # of rows, to column 1.
G CHA Move cursor to indicated column in current row.
H CUP Move cursor to the indicated row, column (origin at 1,1).
J ED Erase display (default: from cursor to end of display).
ESC [ 1 J: erase from start to cursor.
ESC [ 2 J: erase whole display.
K EL Erase line (default: from cursor to end of line).
ESC [ 1 K: erase from start of line to cursor.
ESC [ 2 K: erase whole line.
L IL Insert the indicated # of blank lines.
M DL Delete the indicated # of lines.
P DCH Delete the indicated # of characters on the current line.
X ECH Erase the indicated # of characters on the current line.
a HPR Move cursor right the indicated # of columns.
c DA Answer ESC [ ? 6 c: ‘I am a VT102’.
d VPA Move cursor to the indicated row, current column.
e VPR Move cursor down the indicated # of rows.
f HVP Move cursor to the indicated row, column.
g TBC Without parameter: clear tab stop at the current position.
ESC [ 3 g: delete all tab stops.
h SM Set Mode (see below).
l RM Reset Mode (see below).
m SGR Set attributes (see below).
n DSR Status report (see below).
q DECLL Set keyboard LEDs.
ESC [ 0 q: clear all LEDs
ESC [ 1 q: set Scroll Lock LED
ESC [ 2 q: set Num Lock LED
ESC [ 3 q: set Caps Lock LED
r DECSTBM Set scrolling region; parameters are top and bottom row.
s ? Save cursor location.
u ? Restore cursor location.
‘ HPA Move cursor to indicated column in current row.
ECMA-48 Set Graphics Rendition
The ECMA-48 SGR sequence ESC [ <parameters> m sets display attributes. Several
attributes can be set in the same sequence.
par result
0 reset all attributes to their defaults
1 set bold
2 set half-bright (simulated with color on a color display)
4 set underscore (simulated with color on a color display)
(the colors used to simulate dim or underline are set
using ESC ] ...)
5 set blink
7 set reverse video
10 reset selected mapping, display control flag,
and toggle meta flag.
11 select null mapping, set display control flag,
reset toggle meta flag.
12 select null mapping, set display control flag,
set toggle meta flag. (The toggle meta flag
causes the high bit of a byte to be toggled
before the mapping table translation is done.)
21 set normal intensity (this is not compatible with ECMA-48)
22 set normal intensity
24 underline off
25 blink off
27 reverse video off
30 set black foreground
31 set red foreground
32 set green foreground
33 set brown foreground
34 set blue foreground
35 set magenta foreground
36 set cyan foreground
37 set white foreground
38 set underscore on, set default foreground color
39 set underscore off, set default foreground color
40 set black background
41 set red background
42 set green background
43 set brown background
44 set blue background
45 set magenta background
46 set cyan background
47 set white background
49 set default background color
ECMA-48 Mode Switches
ESC [ 3 h
DECCRM (default off): Display control chars.
ESC [ 4 h
DECIM (default off): Set insert mode.
ESC [ 20 h
LF/NL (default off): Automatically follow echo of LF, VT or FF with CR.
ECMA-48 Status Report Commands
ESC [ 5 n
Device status report (DSR): Answer is ESC [ 0 n (Terminal OK).
ESC [ 6 n
Cursor position report (CPR): Answer is ESC [ y ; x R, where x,y is the cur-
sor location.
DEC Private Mode (DECSET/DECRST) sequences.
These are not described in ECMA-48. We list the Set Mode sequences; the Reset Mode
sequences are obtained by replacing the final ‘h’ by ‘l’.
ESC [ ? 1 h
DECCKM (default off): When set, the cursor keys send an ESC O prefix, rather
than ESC [.
ESC [ ? 3 h
DECCOLM (default off = 80 columns): 80/132 col mode switch. The driver
sources note that this alone does not suffice; some user-mode utility such
as resizecons(8) has to change the hardware registers on the console video
card.
ESC [ ? 5 h
DECSCNM (default off): Set reverse-video mode.
ESC [ ? 6 h
DECOM (default off): When set, cursor addressing is relative to the upper
left corner of the scrolling region.
ESC [ ? 7 h
DECAWM (default on): Set autowrap on. In this mode, a graphic character
emitted after column 80 (or column 132 of DECCOLM is on) forces a wrap to
the beginning of the following line first.
ESC [ ? 8 h
DECARM (default on): Set keyboard autorepreat on.
ESC [ ? 9 h
X10 Mouse Reporting (default off): Set reporting mode to 1 (or reset to 0) -
see below.
ESC [ ? 25 h
DECCM (default on): Make cursor visible.
ESC [ ? 1000 h
X11 Mouse Reporting (default off): Set reporting mode to 2 (or reset to 0) -
see below.
Linux Console Private CSI Sequences
The following sequences are neither ECMA-48 nor native VT102. They are native to
the Linux console driver. Colors are in SGR parameters: 0 = black, 1 = red, 2 =
green, 3 = brown, 4 = blue, 5 = magenta, 6 = cyan, 7 = white.
ESC [ 1 ; n ] Set color n as the underline color
ESC [ 2 ; n ] Set color n as the dim color
ESC [ 8 ] Make the current color pair the default attributes.
ESC [ 9 ; n ] Set screen blank timeout to n minutes.
ESC [ 10 ; n ] Set bell frequency in Hz.
ESC [ 11 ; n ] Set bell duration in msec.
ESC [ 12 ; n ] Bring specified console to the front.
ESC [ 13 ] Unblank the screen.
ESC [ 14 ; n ] Set the VESA powerdown interval in minutes.
CHARACTER SETS
The kernel knows about 4 translations of bytes into console-screen symbols. The
four tables are: a) Latin1 -> PC, b) VT100 graphics -> PC, c) PC -> PC, d) user-
defined.
There are two character sets, called G0 and G1, and one of them is the current
character set. (Initially G0.) Typing ^N causes G1 to become current, ^O causes G0
to become current.
These variables G0 and G1 point at a translation table, and can be changed by the
user. Initially they point at tables a) and b), respectively. The sequences ESC (
B and ESC ( 0 and ESC ( U and ESC ( K cause G0 to point at translation table a),
b), c) and d), respectively. The sequences ESC ) B and ESC ) 0 and ESC ) U and ESC
) K cause G1 to point at translation table a), b), c) and d), respectively.
The sequence ESC c causes a terminal reset, which is what you want if the screen is
all garbled. The oft-advised "echo ^V^O" will only make G0 current, but there is no
guarantee that G0 points at table a). In some distributions there is a program
reset(1) that just does "echo ^[c". If your terminfo entry for the console is cor-
rect (and has an entry rs1=\Ec), then "tput reset" will also work.
The user-defined mapping table can be set using mapscrn(8). The result of the map-
ping is that if a symbol c is printed, the symbol s = map[c] is sent to the video
memory. The bitmap that corresponds to s is found in the character ROM, and can be
changed using setfont(8).
MOUSE TRACKING
The mouse tracking facility is intended to return xterm-compatible mouse status
reports. Because the console driver has no way to know the device or type of the
mouse, these reports are returned in the console input stream only when the virtual
terminal driver receives a mouse update ioctl. These ioctls must be generated by a
mouse-aware user-mode application such as the gpm(8) daemon.
Parameters for all mouse tracking escape sequences generated by xterm encode
numeric parameters in a single character as value+040. For example, ‘!’ is 1. The
screen coordinate system is 1-based.
The X10 compatibility mode sends an escape sequence on button press encoding the
location and the mouse button pressed. It is enabled by sending ESC [ ? 9 h and
disabled with ESC [ ? 9 l. On button press, xterm sends ESC [ M bxy (6 charac-
ters). Here b is button-1, and x and y are the x and y coordinates of the mouse
when the button was pressed. This is the same code the kernel also produces.
Normal tracking mode (not implemented in Linux 2.0.24) sends an escape sequence on
both button press and release. Modifier information is also sent. It is enabled
by sending ESC [ ? 1000 h and disabled with ESC [ 1000 l. On button press or
release, xterm sends ESC [ M bxy. The low two bits of b encode button information:
0=MB1 pressed, 1=MB2 pressed, 2=MB3 pressed, 3=release. The upper bits encode what
modifiers were down when the button was pressed and are added together: 4=Shift,
8=Meta, 16=Control. Again x and y are the x and y coordinates of the mouse event.
The upper left corner is (1,1).
COMPARISONS WITH OTHER TERMINALS
Many different terminal types are described, like the Linux console, as being
‘VT100-compatible’. Here we discuss differences vbetween the Linux console an the
two most important others, the DEC VT102 and xterm(1).
Control-character handling
The vt102 also recognized the following control characters:
NUL (0x00) was ignored;
ENQ (0x05) triggered an answerback message;
DC1 (0x11, ^Q, XON) resumed transmission;
DC3 (0x13, ^S, XOFF) caused vt100 to ignore (and stop transmitting) all codes
except XOFF and XON.
VT100-like DC1/DC3 processing may be enabled by the tty driver.
The xterm program (in vt100 mode) recognizes the control characters BEL, BS, HT,
LF, VT, FF, CR, SO, SI, ESC.
Escape sequences
VT100 console sequences not implemented on the Linux console:
ESC N SS2 Single shift 2. (Select G2 character set for the next
character only.)
ESC O SS3 Single shift 3. (Select G3 character set for the next
character only.)
ESC P DCS Device control string (ended by ESC \)
ESC X SOS Start of string.
ESC ^ PM Privacy message (ended by ESC \)
ESC \ ST String terminator
ESC * ... Designate G2 character set
ESC + ... Designate G3 character set
The program xterm (in vt100 mode) recognizes ESC c, ESC # 8, ESC >, ESC =, ESC D,
ESC E, ESC H, ESC M, ESC N, ESC O, ESC P ... ESC ESC Z (it answers ESC [ ? 1 ; 2
c, ‘I am a vt100 with advanced video option’) and ESC ^ ... ESC with the same
meanings as indicated above. It accepts ESC (, ESC ), ESC *, ESC + followed by 0,
A, B for the DEC special character and line drawing set, UK, and USASCII, respec-
tively. It accepts ESC ] for the setting of certain resources:
ESC ] 0 ; txt BEL Set icon name and window title to txt.
ESC ] 1 ; txt BEL Set icon name to txt.
ESC ] 2 ; txt BEL Set window title to txt.
ESC ] 4 6 ; name BEL Change log file to name (normally disabled
by a compile-time option)
ESC ] 5 0 ; fn BEL Set font to fn.
It recognizes the following with slightly modified meaning:
ESC 7 DECSC Save cursor
ESC 8 DECRC Restore cursor
It also recognizes
ESC F Cursor to lower left corner of screen (if enabled by
the hpLowerleftBugCompat resource)
ESC l Memory lock (per HP terminals).
Locks memory above the cursor.
ESC m Memory unlock (per HP terminals).
ESC n LS2 Invoke the G2 character set.
ESC o LS3 Invoke the G3 character set.
ESC | LS3R Invoke the G3 character set as GR.
Has no visible effect in xterm.
ESC } LS2R Invoke the G2 character set as GR.
Has no visible effect in xterm.
ESC ~ LS1R Invoke the G1 character set as GR.
Has no visible effect in xterm.
It does not recognize ESC % ...
CSI Sequences
The xterm program (as of XFree86 3.1.2G) does not recognize the blink or invisible-
mode SGRs. Stock X11R6 versions do not recognize the color-setting SGRs. All other
ECMA-48 CSI sequences recognized by Linux are also recognized by xterm, and vice-
versa.
The xterm program will recognize all of the DEC Private Mode sequences listed
above, but none of the Linux private-mode sequences. For discussion of xterm’s own
private-mode sequences, refer to the Xterm Control Sequences document by Edward Moy
and Stephen Gildea, available with the X distribution.
BUGS
In 2.0.23, CSI is broken, and NUL is not ignored inside escape sequences.
SEE ALSO
console(4), console_ioctl(4), charsets(7)
Linux 1996-10-31 CONSOLE_CODES(4)
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