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CI(1) CI(1)
NAME
ci - check in RCS revisions
SYNOPSIS
ci [options] file ...
DESCRIPTION
ci stores new revisions into RCS files. Each pathname matching an RCS suffix is
taken to be an RCS file. All others are assumed to be working files containing new
revisions. ci deposits the contents of each working file into the corresponding
RCS file. If only a working file is given, ci tries to find the corresponding RCS
file in an RCS subdirectory and then in the working file’s directory. For more
details, see FILE NAMING below.
For ci to work, the caller’s login must be on the access list, except if the access
list is empty or the caller is the superuser or the owner of the file. To append a
new revision to an existing branch, the tip revision on that branch must be locked
by the caller. Otherwise, only a new branch can be created. This restriction is
not enforced for the owner of the file if non-strict locking is used (see rcs(1)).
A lock held by someone else can be broken with the rcs command.
Unless the -f option is given, ci checks whether the revision to be deposited dif-
fers from the preceding one. If not, instead of creating a new revision ci reverts
to the preceding one. To revert, ordinary ci removes the working file and any
lock; ci -l keeps and ci -u removes any lock, and then they both generate a new
working file much as if co -l or co -u had been applied to the preceding revision.
When reverting, any -n and -s options apply to the preceding revision.
For each revision deposited, ci prompts for a log message. The log message should
summarize the change and must be terminated by end-of-file or by a line containing
. by itself. If several files are checked in ci asks whether to reuse the previous
log message. If the standard input is not a terminal, ci suppresses the prompt and
uses the same log message for all files. See also -m.
If the RCS file does not exist, ci creates it and deposits the contents of the
working file as the initial revision (default number: 1.1). The access list is
initialized to empty. Instead of the log message, ci requests descriptive text
(see -t below).
The number rev of the deposited revision can be given by any of the options -f, -i,
-I, -j, -k, -l, -M, -q, -r, or -u. rev can be symbolic, numeric, or mixed. Sym-
bolic names in rev must already be defined; see the -n and -N options for assigning
names during checkin. If rev is $, ci determines the revision number from keyword
values in the working file.
If rev begins with a period, then the default branch (normally the trunk) is
prepended to it. If rev is a branch number followed by a period, then the latest
revision on that branch is used.
If rev is a revision number, it must be higher than the latest one on the branch to
which rev belongs, or must start a new branch.
If rev is a branch rather than a revision number, the new revision is appended to
that branch. The level number is obtained by incrementing the tip revision number
of that branch. If rev indicates a non-existing branch, that branch is created
with the initial revision numbered rev.1.
If rev is omitted, ci tries to derive the new revision number from the caller’s
last lock. If the caller has locked the tip revision of a branch, the new revision
is appended to that branch. The new revision number is obtained by incrementing
the tip revision number. If the caller locked a non-tip revision, a new branch is
started at that revision by incrementing the highest branch number at that
revision. The default initial branch and level numbers are 1.
If rev is omitted and the caller has no lock, but owns the file and locking is not
set to strict, then the revision is appended to the default branch (normally the
trunk; see the -b option of rcs(1)).
Exception: On the trunk, revisions can be appended to the end, but not inserted.
OPTIONS
-rrev Check in revision rev.
-r The bare -r option (without any revision) has an unusual meaning in ci.
With other RCS commands, a bare -r option specifies the most recent revision
on the default branch, but with ci, a bare -r option reestablishes the
default behavior of releasing a lock and removing the working file, and is
used to override any default -l or -u options established by shell aliases
or scripts.
-l[rev]
works like -r, except it performs an additional co -l for the deposited
revision. Thus, the deposited revision is immediately checked out again and
locked. This is useful for saving a revision although one wants to continue
editing it after the checkin.
-u[rev]
works like -l, except that the deposited revision is not locked. This lets
one read the working file immediately after checkin.
The -l, bare -r, and -u options are mutually exclusive and silently override
each other. For example, ci -u -r is equivalent to ci -r because bare -r
overrides -u.
-f[rev]
forces a deposit; the new revision is deposited even it is not different
from the preceding one.
-k[rev]
searches the working file for keyword values to determine its revision num-
ber, creation date, state, and author (see co(1)), and assigns these values
to the deposited revision, rather than computing them locally. It also gen-
erates a default login message noting the login of the caller and the actual
checkin date. This option is useful for software distribution. A revision
that is sent to several sites should be checked in with the -k option at
these sites to preserve the original number, date, author, and state. The
extracted keyword values and the default log message can be overridden with
the options -d, -m, -s, -w, and any option that carries a revision number.
-q[rev]
quiet mode; diagnostic output is not printed. A revision that is not dif-
ferent from the preceding one is not deposited, unless -f is given.
-i[rev]
initial checkin; report an error if the RCS file already exists. This
avoids race conditions in certain applications.
-j[rev]
just checkin and do not initialize; report an error if the RCS file does not
already exist.
-I[rev]
interactive mode; the user is prompted and questioned even if the standard
input is not a terminal.
-d[date]
uses date for the checkin date and time. The date is specified in free for-
mat as explained in co(1). This is useful for lying about the checkin date,
and for -k if no date is available. If date is empty, the working file’s
time of last modification is used.
-M[rev]
Set the modification time on any new working file to be the date of the
retrieved revision. For example, ci -d -M -u f does not alter f’s modifica-
tion time, even if f’s contents change due to keyword substitution. Use
this option with care; it can confuse make(1).
-mmsg uses the string msg as the log message for all revisions checked in. By
convention, log messages that start with # are comments and are ignored by
programs like GNU Emacs’s vc package. Also, log messages that start with
{clumpname} (followed by white space) are meant to be clumped together if
possible, even if they are associated with different files; the {clumpname}
label is used only for clumping, and is not considered to be part of the log
message itself.
-nname assigns the symbolic name name to the number of the checked-in revision. ci
prints an error message if name is already assigned to another number.
-Nname same as -n, except that it overrides a previous assignment of name.
-sstate
sets the state of the checked-in revision to the identifier state. The
default state is Exp.
-tfile writes descriptive text from the contents of the named file into the RCS
file, deleting the existing text. The file cannot begin with -.
-t-string
Write descriptive text from the string into the RCS file, deleting the
existing text.
The -t option, in both its forms, has effect only during an initial checkin;
it is silently ignored otherwise.
During the initial checkin, if -t is not given, ci obtains the text from
standard input, terminated by end-of-file or by a line containing . by
itself. The user is prompted for the text if interaction is possible; see
-I.
For backward compatibility with older versions of RCS, a bare -t option is
ignored.
-T Set the RCS file’s modification time to the new revision’s time if the for-
mer precedes the latter and there is a new revision; preserve the RCS file’s
modification time otherwise. If you have locked a revision, ci usually
updates the RCS file’s modification time to the current time, because the
lock is stored in the RCS file and removing the lock requires changing the
RCS file. This can create an RCS file newer than the working file in one of
two ways: first, ci -M can create a working file with a date before the cur-
rent time; second, when reverting to the previous revision the RCS file can
change while the working file remains unchanged. These two cases can cause
excessive recompilation caused by a make(1) dependency of the working file
on the RCS file. The -T option inhibits this recompilation by lying about
the RCS file’s date. Use this option with care; it can suppress recompila-
tion even when a checkin of one working file should affect another working
file associated with the same RCS file. For example, suppose the RCS file’s
time is 01:00, the (changed) working file’s time is 02:00, some other copy
of the working file has a time of 03:00, and the current time is 04:00.
Then ci -d -T sets the RCS file’s time to 02:00 instead of the usual 04:00;
this causes make(1) to think (incorrectly) that the other copy is newer than
the RCS file.
-wlogin
uses login for the author field of the deposited revision. Useful for lying
about the author, and for -k if no author is available.
-V Print RCS’s version number.
-Vn Emulate RCS version n. See co(1) for details.
-xsuffixes
specifies the suffixes for RCS files. A nonempty suffix matches any path-
name ending in the suffix. An empty suffix matches any pathname of the form
RCS/path or path1/RCS/path2. The -x option can specify a list of suffixes
separated by /. For example, -x,v/ specifies two suffixes: ,v and the empty
suffix. If two or more suffixes are specified, they are tried in order when
looking for an RCS file; the first one that works is used for that file. If
no RCS file is found but an RCS file can be created, the suffixes are tried
in order to determine the new RCS file’s name. The default for suffixes is
installation-dependent; normally it is ,v/ for hosts like Unix that permit
commas in filenames, and is empty (i.e. just the empty suffix) for other
hosts.
-zzone specifies the date output format in keyword substitution, and specifies the
default time zone for date in the -ddate option. The zone should be empty,
a numeric UTC offset, or the special string LT for local time. The default
is an empty zone, which uses the traditional RCS format of UTC without any
time zone indication and with slashes separating the parts of the date; oth-
erwise, times are output in ISO 8601 format with time zone indication. For
example, if local time is January 11, 1990, 8pm Pacific Standard Time, eight
hours west of UTC, then the time is output as follows:
option time output
-z 1990/01/12 04:00:00 (default)
-zLT 1990-01-11 20:00:00-08
-z+05:30 1990-01-12 09:30:00+05:30
The -z option does not affect dates stored in RCS files, which are always
UTC.
FILE NAMING
Pairs of RCS files and working files can be specified in three ways (see also the
example section).
1) Both the RCS file and the working file are given. The RCS pathname is of the
form path1/workfileX and the working pathname is of the form path2/workfile where
path1/ and path2/ are (possibly different or empty) paths, workfile is a filename,
and X is an RCS suffix. If X is empty, path1/ must start with RCS/ or must contain
/RCS/.
2) Only the RCS file is given. Then the working file is created in the current
directory and its name is derived from the name of the RCS file by removing path1/
and the suffix X.
3) Only the working file is given. Then ci considers each RCS suffix X in turn,
looking for an RCS file of the form path2/RCS/workfileX or (if the former is not
found and X is nonempty) path2/workfileX.
If the RCS file is specified without a path in 1) and 2), ci looks for the RCS file
first in the directory ./RCS and then in the current directory.
ci reports an error if an attempt to open an RCS file fails for an unusual reason,
even if the RCS file’s pathname is just one of several possibilities. For example,
to suppress use of RCS commands in a directory d, create a regular file named d/RCS
so that casual attempts to use RCS commands in d fail because d/RCS is not a direc-
tory.
EXAMPLES
Suppose ,v is an RCS suffix and the current directory contains a subdirectory RCS
with an RCS file io.c,v. Then each of the following commands check in a copy of
io.c into RCS/io.c,v as the latest revision, removing io.c.
ci io.c; ci RCS/io.c,v; ci io.c,v;
ci io.c RCS/io.c,v; ci io.c io.c,v;
ci RCS/io.c,v io.c; ci io.c,v io.c;
Suppose instead that the empty suffix is an RCS suffix and the current directory
contains a subdirectory RCS with an RCS file io.c. The each of the following com-
mands checks in a new revision.
ci io.c; ci RCS/io.c;
ci io.c RCS/io.c;
ci RCS/io.c io.c;
FILE MODES
An RCS file created by ci inherits the read and execute permissions from the work-
ing file. If the RCS file exists already, ci preserves its read and execute per-
missions. ci always turns off all write permissions of RCS files.
FILES
Temporary files are created in the directory containing the working file, and also
in the temporary directory (see TMPDIR under ENVIRONMENT). A semaphore file or
files are created in the directory containing the RCS file. With a nonempty suf-
fix, the semaphore names begin with the first character of the suffix; therefore,
do not specify an suffix whose first character could be that of a working filename.
With an empty suffix, the semaphore names end with _ so working filenames should
not end in _.
ci never changes an RCS or working file. Normally, ci unlinks the file and creates
a new one; but instead of breaking a chain of one or more symbolic links to an RCS
file, it unlinks the destination file instead. Therefore, ci breaks any hard or
symbolic links to any working file it changes; and hard links to RCS files are
ineffective, but symbolic links to RCS files are preserved.
The effective user must be able to search and write the directory containing the
RCS file. Normally, the real user must be able to read the RCS and working files
and to search and write the directory containing the working file; however, some
older hosts cannot easily switch between real and effective users, so on these
hosts the effective user is used for all accesses. The effective user is the same
as the real user unless your copies of ci and co have setuid privileges. As
described in the next section, these privileges yield extra security if the effec-
tive user owns all RCS files and directories, and if only the effective user can
write RCS directories.
Users can control access to RCS files by setting the permissions of the directory
containing the files; only users with write access to the directory can use RCS
commands to change its RCS files. For example, in hosts that allow a user to
belong to several groups, one can make a group’s RCS directories writable to that
group only. This approach suffices for informal projects, but it means that any
group member can arbitrarily change the group’s RCS files, and can even remove them
entirely. Hence more formal projects sometimes distinguish between an RCS adminis-
trator, who can change the RCS files at will, and other project members, who can
check in new revisions but cannot otherwise change the RCS files.
SETUID USE
To prevent anybody but their RCS administrator from deleting revisions, a set of
users can employ setuid privileges as follows.
· Check that the host supports RCS setuid use. Consult a trustworthy expert if
there are any doubts. It is best if the seteuid system call works as described
in Posix 1003.1a Draft 5, because RCS can switch back and forth easily between
real and effective users, even if the real user is root. If not, the second best
is if the setuid system call supports saved setuid (the {_POSIX_SAVED_IDS} behav-
ior of Posix 1003.1-1990); this fails only if the real or effective user is root.
If RCS detects any failure in setuid, it quits immediately.
· Choose a user A to serve as RCS administrator for the set of users. Only A can
invoke the rcs command on the users’ RCS files. A should not be root or any
other user with special powers. Mutually suspicious sets of users should use
different administrators.
· Choose a pathname B to be a directory of files to be executed by the users.
· Have A set up B to contain copies of ci and co that are setuid to A by copying
the commands from their standard installation directory D as follows:
mkdir B
cp D/c[io] B
chmod go-w,u+s B/c[io]
· Have each user prepend B to their path as follows:
PATH=B:$PATH; export PATH # ordinary shell
set path=(B $path) # C shell
· Have A create each RCS directory R with write access only to A as follows:
mkdir R
chmod go-w R
· If you want to let only certain users read the RCS files, put the users into a
group G, and have A further protect the RCS directory as follows:
chgrp G R
chmod g-w,o-rwx R
· Have A copy old RCS files (if any) into R, to ensure that A owns them.
· An RCS file’s access list limits who can check in and lock revisions. The
default access list is empty, which grants checkin access to anyone who can read
the RCS file. If you want limit checkin access, have A invoke rcs -a on the
file; see rcs(1). In particular, rcs -e -aA limits access to just A.
· Have A initialize any new RCS files with rcs -i before initial checkin, adding
the -a option if you want to limit checkin access.
· Give setuid privileges only to ci, co, and rcsclean; do not give them to rcs or
to any other command.
· Do not use other setuid commands to invoke RCS commands; setuid is trickier than
you think!
ENVIRONMENT
RCSINIT
options prepended to the argument list, separated by spaces. A backslash
escapes spaces within an option. The RCSINIT options are prepended to the
argument lists of most RCS commands. Useful RCSINIT options include -q, -V,
-x, and -z.
TMPDIR Name of the temporary directory. If not set, the environment variables TMP
and TEMP are inspected instead and the first value found is taken; if none
of them are set, a host-dependent default is used, typically /tmp.
DIAGNOSTICS
For each revision, ci prints the RCS file, the working file, and the number of both
the deposited and the preceding revision. The exit status is zero if and only if
all operations were successful.
IDENTIFICATION
Author: Walter F. Tichy.
Manual Page Revision: 5.17; Release Date: 1995/06/16.
Copyright © 1982, 1988, 1989 Walter F. Tichy.
Copyright © 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Paul Eggert.
SEE ALSO
co(1), emacs(1), ident(1), make(1), rcs(1), rcsclean(1), rcsdiff(1), rcsintro(1),
rcsmerge(1), rlog(1), setuid(2), rcsfile(5)
Walter F. Tichy, RCS--A System for Version Control, Software--Practice & Experience
15, 7 (July 1985), 637-654.
GNU 1995/06/16 CI(1)
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