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Term::ANSIColor(3pm) Perl Programmers Reference Guide Term::ANSIColor(3pm)
NAME
Term::ANSIColor - Color screen output using ANSI escape sequences
SYNOPSIS
use Term::ANSIColor;
print color ’bold blue’;
print "This text is bold blue.\n";
print color ’reset’;
print "This text is normal.\n";
print colored ("Yellow on magenta.\n", ’yellow on_magenta’);
print "This text is normal.\n";
print colored [’yellow on_magenta’], "Yellow on magenta.\n";
use Term::ANSIColor qw(uncolor);
print uncolor ’01;31’, "\n";
use Term::ANSIColor qw(:constants);
print BOLD, BLUE, "This text is in bold blue.\n", RESET;
use Term::ANSIColor qw(:constants);
$Term::ANSIColor::AUTORESET = 1;
print BOLD BLUE "This text is in bold blue.\n";
print "This text is normal.\n";
DESCRIPTION
This module has two interfaces, one through color() and colored() and the other
through constants. It also offers the utility function uncolor(), which has to be
explicitly imported to be used (see SYNOPSIS).
color() takes any number of strings as arguments and considers them to be space-
separated lists of attributes. It then forms and returns the escape sequence to
set those attributes. It doesn’t print it out, just returns it, so you’ll have to
print it yourself if you want to (this is so that you can save it as a string, pass
it to something else, send it to a file handle, or do anything else with it that
you might care to).
uncolor() performs the opposite translation, turning escape sequences into a list
of strings.
The recognized attributes (all of which should be fairly intuitive) are clear,
reset, dark, bold, underline, underscore, blink, reverse, concealed, black, red,
green, yellow, blue, magenta, on_black, on_red, on_green, on_yellow, on_blue,
on_magenta, on_cyan, and on_white. Case is not significant. Underline and under-
score are equivalent, as are clear and reset, so use whichever is the most intu-
itive to you. The color alone sets the foreground color, and on_color sets the
background color.
Note that not all attributes are supported by all terminal types, and some termi-
nals may not support any of these sequences. Dark, blink, and concealed in partic-
ular are frequently not implemented.
Attributes, once set, last until they are unset (by sending the attribute "reset").
Be careful to do this, or otherwise your attribute will last after your script is
done running, and people get very annoyed at having their prompt and typing changed
to weird colors.
As an aid to help with this, colored() takes a scalar as the first argument and any
number of attribute strings as the second argument and returns the scalar wrapped
in escape codes so that the attributes will be set as requested before the string
and reset to normal after the string. Alternately, you can pass a reference to an
array as the first argument, and then the contents of that array will be taken as
attributes and color codes and the remainder of the arguments as text to colorize.
Normally, colored() just puts attribute codes at the beginning and end of the
string, but if you set $Term::ANSIColor::EACHLINE to some string, that string will
be considered the line delimiter and the attribute will be set at the beginning of
each line of the passed string and reset at the end of each line. This is often
desirable if the output is being sent to a program like a pager that can be con-
fused by attributes that span lines. Normally you’ll want to set $Term::ANSI-
Color::EACHLINE to "\n" to use this feature.
Alternately, if you import ":constants", you can use the constants CLEAR, RESET,
BOLD, DARK, UNDERLINE, UNDERSCORE, BLINK, REVERSE, CONCEALED, BLACK, RED, GREEN,
YELLOW, BLUE, MAGENTA, CYAN, WHITE, ON_BLACK, ON_RED, ON_GREEN, ON_YELLOW, ON_BLUE,
ON_MAGENTA, ON_CYAN, and ON_WHITE directly. These are the same as
color(’attribute’) and can be used if you prefer typing:
print BOLD BLUE ON_WHITE "Text\n", RESET;
to
print colored ("Text\n", ’bold blue on_white’);
When using the constants, if you don’t want to have to remember to add the ",
RESET" at the end of each print line, you can set $Term::ANSIColor::AUTORESET to a
true value. Then, the display mode will automatically be reset if there is no
comma after the constant. In other words, with that variable set:
print BOLD BLUE "Text\n";
will reset the display mode afterwards, whereas:
print BOLD, BLUE, "Text\n";
will not.
The subroutine interface has the advantage over the constants interface in that
only two subroutines are exported into your namespace, versus twenty-two in the
constants interface. On the flip side, the constants interface has the advantage
of better compile time error checking, since misspelled names of colors or
attributes in calls to color() and colored() won’t be caught until runtime whereas
misspelled names of constants will be caught at compile time. So, polute your
namespace with almost two dozen subroutines that you may not even use that often,
or risk a silly bug by mistyping an attribute. Your choice, TMTOWTDI after all.
DIAGNOSTICS
Bad escape sequence %s
(F) You passed an invalid ANSI escape sequence to uncolor().
Bareword "%s" not allowed while "strict subs" in use
(F) You probably mistyped a constant color name such as:
$Foobar = FOOBAR . "This line should be blue\n";
or:
@Foobar = FOOBAR, "This line should be blue\n";
This will only show up under use strict (another good reason to run under use
strict).
Invalid attribute name %s
(F) You passed an invalid attribute name to either color() or colored().
Name "%s" used only once: possible typo
(W) You probably mistyped a constant color name such as:
print FOOBAR "This text is color FOOBAR\n";
It’s probably better to always use commas after constant names in order to
force the next error.
No comma allowed after filehandle
(F) You probably mistyped a constant color name such as:
print FOOBAR, "This text is color FOOBAR\n";
Generating this fatal compile error is one of the main advantages of using the
constants interface, since you’ll immediately know if you mistype a color name.
No name for escape sequence %s
(F) The ANSI escape sequence passed to uncolor() contains escapes which aren’t
recognized and can’t be translated to names.
ENVIRONMENT
ANSI_COLORS_DISABLED
If this environment variable is set, all of the functions defined by this mod-
ule (color(), colored(), and all of the constants not previously used in the
program) will not output any escape sequences and instead will just return the
empty string or pass through the original text as appropriate. This is
intended to support easy use of scripts using this module on platforms that
don’t support ANSI escape sequences.
For it to have its proper effect, this environment variable must be set before
any color constants are used in the program.
RESTRICTIONS
It would be nice if one could leave off the commas around the constants entirely
and just say:
print BOLD BLUE ON_WHITE "Text\n" RESET;
but the syntax of Perl doesn’t allow this. You need a comma after the string. (Of
course, you may consider it a bug that commas between all the constants aren’t
required, in which case you may feel free to insert commas unless you’re using
$Term::ANSIColor::AUTORESET.)
For easier debuging, you may prefer to always use the commas when not setting
$Term::ANSIColor::AUTORESET so that you’ll get a fatal compile error rather than a
warning.
NOTES
The codes generated by this module are standard terminal control codes, complying
with ECMA-48 and ISO 6429 (generally referred to as "ANSI color" for the color
codes). The non-color control codes (bold, dark, italic, underline, and reverse)
are part of the earlier ANSI X3.64 standard for control sequences for video termi-
nals and peripherals.
Note that not all displays are ISO 6429-compliant, or even X3.64-compliant (or are
even attempting to be so). This module will not work as expected on displays that
do not honor these escape sequences, such as cmd.exe, 4nt.exe, and command.com
under either Windows NT or Windows 2000. They may just be ignored, or they may
display as an ESC character followed by some apparent garbage.
Jean Delvare provided the following table of different common terminal emulators
and their support for the various attributes and others have helped me flesh it
out:
clear bold dark under blink reverse conceal
------------------------------------------------------------------------
xterm yes yes no yes bold yes yes
linux yes yes yes bold yes yes no
rxvt yes yes no yes bold/black yes no
dtterm yes yes yes yes reverse yes yes
teraterm yes reverse no yes rev/red yes no
aixterm kinda normal no yes no yes yes
PuTTY yes color no yes no yes no
Windows yes no no no no yes no
Cygwin SSH yes yes no color color color yes
Windows is Windows telnet, and Cygwin SSH is the OpenSSH implementation under Cyg-
win on Windows NT. Where the entry is other than yes or no, that emulator displays
the given attribute as something else instead. Note that on an aixterm, clear
doesn’t reset colors; you have to explicitly set the colors back to what you want.
More entries in this table are welcome.
Note that codes 3 (italic), 6 (rapid blink), and 9 (strikethrough) are specified in
ANSI X3.64 and ECMA-048 but are not commonly supported by most displays and emula-
tors and therefore aren’t supported by this module at the present time. ECMA-048
also specifies a large number of other attributes, including a sequence of
attributes for font changes, Fraktur characters, double-underlining, framing, cir-
cling, and overlining. As none of these attributes are widely supported or useful,
they also aren’t currently supported by this module.
SEE ALSO
ECMA-048 is available on-line (at least at the time of this writing) at
<http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/ECMA-048.HTM>.
ISO 6429 is available from ISO for a charge; the author of this module does not own
a copy of it. Since the source material for ISO 6429 was ECMA-048 and the latter
is available for free, there seems little reason to obtain the ISO standard.
The current version of this module is always available from its web site at
<http://www.eyrie.org/~eagle/software/ansicolor/>. It is also part of the Perl
core distribution as of 5.6.0.
AUTHORS
Original idea (using constants) by Zenin, reimplemented using subs by Russ Allbery
<rra AT stanford.edu>, and then combined with the original idea by Russ with input
from Zenin. Russ Allbery now maintains this module.
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
Copyright 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002 Russ Allbery <rra AT stanford.edu> and
Zenin <zenin AT bawdycaste.org>. This program is free software; you may redistribute
it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
perl v5.8.6 2001-09-21 Term::ANSIColor(3pm)
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