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STDIO(3) Linux Programmer’s Manual STDIO(3)
NAME
stdio - standard input/output library functions
SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
FILE *stdin;
FILE *stdout;
FILE *stderr;
DESCRIPTION
The standard I/O library provides a simple and efficient buffered stream I/O inter-
face. Input and output is mapped into logical data streams and the physical I/O
characteristics are concealed. The functions and macros are listed below; more
information is available from the individual man pages.
A stream is associated with an external file (which may be a physical device) by
opening a file, which may involve creating a new file. Creating an existing file
causes its former contents to be discarded. If a file can support positioning
requests (such as a disk file, as opposed to a terminal) then a file position indi-
cator associated with the stream is positioned at the start of the file (byte
zero), unless the file is opened with append mode. If append mode is used, it is
unspecified whether the position indicator will be placed at the start or the end
of the file. The position indicator is maintained by subsequent reads, writes and
positioning requests. All input occurs as if the characters were read by successive
calls to the fgetc(3) function; all output takes place as if all characters were
written by successive calls to the fputc(3) function.
A file is disassociated from a stream by closing the file. Output streams are
flushed (any unwritten buffer contents are transferred to the host environment)
before the stream is disassociated from the file. The value of a pointer to a FILE
object is indeterminate after a file is closed (garbage).
A file may be subsequently reopened, by the same or another program execution, and
its contents reclaimed or modified (if it can be repositioned at the start). If
the main function returns to its original caller, or the exit(3) function is
called, all open files are closed (hence all output streams are flushed) before
program termination. Other methods of program termination, such as abort(3) do not
bother about closing files properly.
At program startup, three text streams are predefined and need not be opened
explicitly — standard input (for reading conventional input), — standard output
(for writing conventional input), and standard error (for writing diagnostic out-
put). These streams are abbreviated stdin,stdout and stderr. When opened, the
standard error stream is not fully buffered; the standard input and output streams
are fully buffered if and only if the streams do not to refer to an interactive
device.
Output streams that refer to terminal devices are always line buffered by default;
pending output to such streams is written automatically whenever an input stream
that refers to a terminal device is read. In cases where a large amount of compu-
tation is done after printing part of a line on an output terminal, it is necessary
to fflush(3) the standard output before going off and computing so that the output
will appear.
The stdio library is a part of the library libc and routines are automatically
loaded as needed by the compilers cc(1) and pc(1). The SYNOPSIS sections of the
following manual pages indicate which include files are to be used, what the com-
piler declaration for the function looks like and which external variables are of
interest.
The following are defined as macros; these names may not be re-used without first
removing their current definitions with #undef: BUFSIZ, EOF, FILENAME_MAX,
FOPEN_MAX, L_cuserid, L_ctermid, L_tmpnam, NULL, SEEK_END, SEEK_SET, SEE_CUR,
TMP_MAX, clearerr, feof, ferror, fileno, fropen, fwopen, getc, getchar, putc,
putchar, stderr, stdin, stdout. Function versions of the macro functions feof,
ferror, clearerr, fileno, getc, getchar, putc, and putchar exist and will be used
if the macros definitions are explicitly removed.
LIST OF FUNCTIONS
Function Description
clearerr check and reset stream status
fclose close a stream
fdopen stream open functions
feof check and reset stream status
ferror check and reset stream status
fflush flush a stream
fgetc get next character or word from input stream
fgetpos reposition a stream
fgets get a line from a stream
fileno return the integer descriptor of the argument stream
fopen stream open functions
fprintf formatted output conversion
fpurge flush a stream
fputc output a character or word to a stream
fputs output a line to a stream
fread binary stream input/output
freopen stream open functions
fropen open a stream
fscanf input format conversion
fseek reposition a stream
fsetpos reposition a stream
ftell reposition a stream
fwrite binary stream input/output
getc get next character or word from input stream
getchar get next character or word from input stream
gets get a line from a stream
getw get next character or word from input stream
mktemp make temporary file name (unique)
perror system error messages
printf formatted output conversion
putc output a character or word to a stream
putchar output a character or word to a stream
puts output a line to a stream
putw output a character or word to a stream
remove remove directory entry
rewind reposition a stream
scanf input format conversion
setbuf stream buffering operations
setbuffer stream buffering operations
setlinebuf
stream buffering operations
setvbuf stream buffering operations
sprintf formatted output conversion
sscanf input format conversion
strerror system error messages
sys_errlist
system error messages
sys_nerr system error messages
tempnam temporary file routines
tmpfile temporary file routines
tmpnam temporary file routines
ungetc un-get character from input stream
vfprintf formatted output conversion
vfscanf input format conversion
vprintf formatted output conversion
vscanf input format conversion
vsprintf formatted output conversion
vsscanf input format conversion
CONFORMING TO
The stdio library conforms to ANSI X3.159-1989 (‘‘ANSI C’’).
SEE ALSO
open(2), close(2), read(2), write(2), stdout(3)
2001-12-26 STDIO(3)
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