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File::Glob(3pm) Perl Programmers Reference Guide File::Glob(3pm)
NAME
File::Glob - Perl extension for BSD glob routine
SYNOPSIS
use File::Glob ’:glob’;
@list = bsd_glob(’*.[ch]’);
$homedir = bsd_glob(’~gnat’, GLOB_TILDE │ GLOB_ERR);
if (GLOB_ERROR) {
# an error occurred reading $homedir
}
## override the core glob (CORE::glob() does this automatically
## by default anyway, since v5.6.0)
use File::Glob ’:globally’;
my @sources = <*.{c,h,y}>
## override the core glob, forcing case sensitivity
use File::Glob qw(:globally :case);
my @sources = <*.{c,h,y}>
## override the core glob forcing case insensitivity
use File::Glob qw(:globally :nocase);
my @sources = <*.{c,h,y}>
DESCRIPTION
File::Glob::bsd_glob() implements the FreeBSD glob(3) routine, which is a superset
of the POSIX glob() (described in IEEE Std 1003.2 "POSIX.2"). bsd_glob() takes a
mandatory "pattern" argument, and an optional "flags" argument, and returns a list
of filenames matching the pattern, with interpretation of the pattern modified by
the "flags" variable.
Since v5.6.0, Perl’s CORE::glob() is implemented in terms of bsd_glob(). Note that
they don’t share the same prototype--CORE::glob() only accepts a single argument.
Due to historical reasons, CORE::glob() will also split its argument on whitespace,
treating it as multiple patterns, whereas bsd_glob() considers them as one pattern.
The POSIX defined flags for bsd_glob() are:
"GLOB_ERR"
Force bsd_glob() to return an error when it encounters a directory it cannot
open or read. Ordinarily bsd_glob() continues to find matches.
"GLOB_LIMIT"
Make bsd_glob() return an error (GLOB_NOSPACE) when the pattern expands to a
size bigger than the system constant "ARG_MAX" (usually found in limits.h). If
your system does not define this constant, bsd_glob() uses
"sysconf(_SC_ARG_MAX)" or "_POSIX_ARG_MAX" where available (in that order).
You can inspect these values using the standard "POSIX" extension.
"GLOB_MARK"
Each pathname that is a directory that matches the pattern has a slash
appended.
"GLOB_NOCASE"
By default, file names are assumed to be case sensitive; this flag makes
bsd_glob() treat case differences as not significant.
"GLOB_NOCHECK"
If the pattern does not match any pathname, then bsd_glob() returns a list con-
sisting of only the pattern. If "GLOB_QUOTE" is set, its effect is present in
the pattern returned.
"GLOB_NOSORT"
By default, the pathnames are sorted in ascending ASCII order; this flag pre-
vents that sorting (speeding up bsd_glob()).
The FreeBSD extensions to the POSIX standard are the following flags:
"GLOB_BRACE"
Pre-process the string to expand "{pat,pat,...}" strings like csh(1). The pat-
tern ’{}’ is left unexpanded for historical reasons (and csh(1) does the same
thing to ease typing of find(1) patterns).
"GLOB_NOMAGIC"
Same as "GLOB_NOCHECK" but it only returns the pattern if it does not contain
any of the special characters "*", "?" or "[". "NOMAGIC" is provided to sim-
plify implementing the historic csh(1) globbing behaviour and should probably
not be used anywhere else.
"GLOB_QUOTE"
Use the backslash (’\’) character for quoting: every occurrence of a backslash
followed by a character in the pattern is replaced by that character, avoiding
any special interpretation of the character. (But see below for exceptions on
DOSISH systems).
"GLOB_TILDE"
Expand patterns that start with ’~’ to user name home directories.
"GLOB_CSH"
For convenience, "GLOB_CSH" is a synonym for "GLOB_BRACE │ GLOB_NOMAGIC │
GLOB_QUOTE │ GLOB_TILDE │ GLOB_ALPHASORT".
The POSIX provided "GLOB_APPEND", "GLOB_DOOFFS", and the FreeBSD extensions
"GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC", and "GLOB_MAGCHAR" flags have not been implemented in the Perl
version because they involve more complex interaction with the underlying C struc-
tures.
The following flag has been added in the Perl implementation for csh compatibility:
"GLOB_ALPHASORT"
If "GLOB_NOSORT" is not in effect, sort filenames is alphabetical order (case
does not matter) rather than in ASCII order.
DIAGNOSTICS
bsd_glob() returns a list of matching paths, possibly zero length. If an error
occurred, &File::Glob::GLOB_ERROR will be non-zero and $! will be set.
&File::Glob::GLOB_ERROR is guaranteed to be zero if no error occurred, or one of
the following values otherwise:
"GLOB_NOSPACE"
An attempt to allocate memory failed.
"GLOB_ABEND"
The glob was stopped because an error was encountered.
In the case where bsd_glob() has found some matching paths, but is interrupted by
an error, it will return a list of filenames and set &File::Glob::ERROR.
Note that bsd_glob() deviates from POSIX and FreeBSD glob(3) behaviour by not con-
sidering "ENOENT" and "ENOTDIR" as errors - bsd_glob() will continue processing
despite those errors, unless the "GLOB_ERR" flag is set.
Be aware that all filenames returned from File::Glob are tainted.
NOTES
· If you want to use multiple patterns, e.g. "bsd_glob "a* b*"", you should prob-
ably throw them in a set as in "bsd_glob "{a*,b*}"". This is because the argu-
ment to bsd_glob() isn’t subjected to parsing by the C shell. Remember that
you can use a backslash to escape things.
· On DOSISH systems, backslash is a valid directory separator character. In this
case, use of backslash as a quoting character (via GLOB_QUOTE) interferes with
the use of backslash as a directory separator. The best (simplest, most
portable) solution is to use forward slashes for directory separators, and
backslashes for quoting. However, this does not match "normal practice" on
these systems. As a concession to user expectation, therefore, backslashes
(under GLOB_QUOTE) only quote the glob metacharacters ’[’, ’]’, ’{’, ’}’, ’-’,
’~’, and backslash itself. All other backslashes are passed through unchanged.
· Win32 users should use the real slash. If you really want to use backslashes,
consider using Sarathy’s File::DosGlob, which comes with the standard Perl dis-
tribution.
· Mac OS (Classic) users should note a few differences. Since Mac OS is not Unix,
when the glob code encounters a tilde glob (e.g. ~user) and the "GLOB_TILDE"
flag is used, it simply returns that pattern without doing any expansion.
Glob on Mac OS is case-insensitive by default (if you don’t use any flags). If
you specify any flags at all and still want glob to be case-insensitive, you
must include "GLOB_NOCASE" in the flags.
The path separator is ’:’ (aka colon), not ’/’ (aka slash). Mac OS users should
be careful about specifying relative pathnames. While a full path always begins
with a volume name, a relative pathname should always begin with a ’:’. If
specifying a volume name only, a trailing ’:’ is required.
The specification of pathnames in glob patterns adheres to the usual Mac OS
conventions: The path separator is a colon ’:’, not a slash ’/’. A full path
always begins with a volume name. A relative pathname on Mac OS must always
begin with a ’:’, except when specifying a file or directory name in the cur-
rent working directory, where the leading colon is optional. If specifying a
volume name only, a trailing ’:’ is required. Due to these rules, a glob like
<*:> will find all mounted volumes, while a glob like <*> or <:*> will find all
files and directories in the current directory.
Note that updirs in the glob pattern are resolved before the matching begins,
i.e. a pattern like "*HD:t?p::a*" will be matched as "*HD:a*". Note also, that
a single trailing ’:’ in the pattern is ignored (unless it’s a volume name pat-
tern like "*HD:"), i.e. a glob like <:*:> will find both directories and files
(and not, as one might expect, only directories). You can, however, use the
"GLOB_MARK" flag to distinguish (without a file test) directory names from file
names.
If the "GLOB_MARK" flag is set, all directory paths will have a ’:’ appended.
Since a directory like ’lib:’ is not a valid relative path on Mac OS, both a
leading and a trailing colon will be added, when the directory name in question
doesn’t contain any colons (e.g. ’lib’ becomes ’:lib:’).
AUTHOR
The Perl interface was written by Nathan Torkington <gnat AT frii.com>, and is
released under the artistic license. Further modifications were made by Greg Bacon
<gbacon AT cs.edu>, Gurusamy Sarathy <gsar AT activestate.com>, and Thomas Wegner
<wegner_thomas AT yahoo.com>. The C glob code has the following copyright:
Copyright (c) 1989, 1993 The Regents of the University of California.
All rights reserved.
This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
Guido van Rossum.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ‘‘AS IS’’ AND
ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGE.
perl v5.8.6 2001-09-21 File::Glob(3pm)
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