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EXECVE(2) Linux Programmer’s Manual EXECVE(2)
NAME
execve - execute program
SYNOPSIS
#include <unistd.h>
int execve(const char *filename, char *const argv [], char *const envp[]);
DESCRIPTION
execve() executes the program pointed to by filename. filename must be either a
binary executable, or a script starting with a line of the form "#! interpreter
[arg]". In the latter case, the interpreter must be a valid pathname for an exe-
cutable which is not itself a script, which will be invoked as interpreter [arg]
filename.
argv is an array of argument strings passed to the new program. envp is an array
of strings, conventionally of the form key=value, which are passed as environment
to the new program. Both argv and envp must be terminated by a null pointer. The
argument vector and environment can be accessed by the called program’s main func-
tion, when it is defined as int main(int argc, char *argv[], char *envp[]).
execve() does not return on success, and the text, data, bss, and stack of the
calling process are overwritten by that of the program loaded. The program invoked
inherits the calling process’s PID, and any open file descriptors that are not set
to close on exec. Signals pending on the calling process are cleared. Any signals
set to be caught by the calling process are reset to their default behaviour. The
SIGCHLD signal (when set to SIG_IGN) may or may not be reset to SIG_DFL.
If the current program is being ptraced, a SIGTRAP is sent to it after a successful
execve().
If the set-uid bit is set on the program file pointed to by filename the effective
user ID of the calling process is changed to that of the owner of the program file.
Similarly, when the set-gid bit of the program file is set the effective group ID
of the calling process is set to the group of the program file.
If the executable is an a.out dynamically-linked binary executable containing
shared-library stubs, the Linux dynamic linker ld.so(8) is called at the start of
execution to bring needed shared libraries into core and link the executable with
them.
If the executable is a dynamically-linked ELF executable, the interpreter named in
the PT_INTERP segment is used to load the needed shared libraries. This inter-
preter is typically /lib/ld-linux.so.1 for binaries linked with the Linux libc ver-
sion 5, or /lib/ld-linux.so.2 for binaries linked with the GNU libc version 2.
RETURN VALUE
On success, execve() does not return, on error -1 is returned, and errno is set
appropriately.
ERRORS
EACCES The file or a script interpreter is not a regular file.
EACCES Execute permission is denied for the file or a script or ELF interpreter.
EACCES The file system is mounted noexec.
EPERM The file system is mounted nosuid, the user is not the superuser, and the
file has an SUID or SGID bit set.
EPERM The process is being traced, the user is not the superuser and the file has
an SUID or SGID bit set.
E2BIG The argument list is too big.
ENOEXEC
An executable is not in a recognised format, is for the wrong architecture,
or has some other format error that means it cannot be executed.
EFAULT filename points outside your accessible address space.
ENAMETOOLONG
filename is too long.
ENOENT The file filename or a script or ELF interpreter does not exist, or a shared
library needed for file or interpreter cannot be found.
ENOMEM Insufficient kernel memory was available.
ENOTDIR
A component of the path prefix of filename or a script or ELF interpreter is
not a directory.
EACCES Search permission is denied on a component of the path prefix of filename or
the name of a script interpreter.
ELOOP Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving filename or the name
of a script or ELF interpreter.
ETXTBSY
Executable was open for writing by one or more processes.
EIO An I/O error occurred.
ENFILE The limit on the total number of files open on the system has been reached.
EMFILE The process has the maximum number of files open.
EINVAL An ELF executable had more than one PT_INTERP segment (i.e., tried to name
more than one interpreter).
EISDIR An ELF interpreter was a directory.
ELIBBAD
An ELF interpreter was not in a recognised format.
CONFORMING TO
SVr4, SVID, X/OPEN, BSD 4.3. POSIX does not document the #! behavior but is oth-
erwise compatible. SVr4 documents additional error conditions EAGAIN, EINTR,
ELIBACC, ENOLINK, EMULTIHOP; POSIX does not document ETXTBSY, EPERM, EFAULT, ELOOP,
EIO, ENFILE, EMFILE, EINVAL, EISDIR or ELIBBAD error conditions.
NOTES
SUID and SGID processes can not be ptrace()d.
Linux ignores the SUID and SGID bits on scripts.
The result of mounting a filesystem nosuid vary between Linux kernel versions: some
will refuse execution of SUID/SGID executables when this would give the user powers
she did not have already (and return EPERM), some will just ignore the SUID/SGID
bits and exec successfully.
A maximum line length of 127 characters is allowed for the first line in a #! exe-
cutable shell script.
HISTORICAL
With Unix V6 the argument list of an exec call was ended by 0, while the argument
list of main was ended by -1. Thus, this argument list was not directly usable in a
further exec call. Since Unix V7 both are NULL.
SEE ALSO
chmod(2), fork(2), execl(3), environ(5), ld.so(8)
Linux 2.0.30 1997-09-03 EXECVE(2)
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